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Barriers to movement: Modelling energetic costs of avoiding marine wind farms amongst breeding seabirds |
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| Authors: | Elizabeth A Masden Daniel T Haydon Robert W Furness |
| Institution: | a The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom b Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ Scotland, United Kingdom c Department of Wildlife Ecology and Biodiversity, National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus, Grenåvej 14, 8410 Rønde, Denmark |
| Abstract: | Proposals for wind farms in areas of known importance for breeding seabirds highlight the need to understand the impacts of these structures. Using an energetic modelling approach, we examine the effects of wind farms as barriers to movement on seabirds of differing morphology. Additional costs, expressed in relation to typical daily energetic expenditures, were highest per unit flight for seabirds with high wing loadings, such as cormorants. Taking species-specific differences into account, costs were relatively higher in terns, due to the high daily frequency of foraging flights. For all species, costs of extra flight to avoid a wind farm appear much less than those imposed by low food abundance or adverse weather, although such costs will be additive to these. We conclude that adopting a species-specific approach is essential when assessing the impacts of wind farms on breeding seabird populations, to fully anticipate the effects of avoidance flights. |
| Keywords: | Avoidance behaviour Barrier effect Wind farm Seabird colonies Energetic cost Species-specific assessment |
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