Are steroids really the cause for fish feminization? A mini-review of in vitro and in vivo guided TIEs |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan;2. Faculty of Pharmacology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan;3. Institute for Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan;4. Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Japan;1. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States;2. Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States;3. Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China;1. Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan;2. Ushimado Marine Institute, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Ushimado, Setouchi, 701-4303, Japan;3. Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan;1. College of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China;2. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, TianJin 300071, China;3. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;4. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China |
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| Abstract: | Feminization of fish has been reported throughout the world in freshwater and marine systems. While the population impacts are conflictive, enough negative effects warrant additional research into causation. In order to ascertain the identities of specific feminizing agents, variants of toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) have been employed. The majority of these evaluations have utilized in vitro estrogen receptor-based cell-lines to identify chromatographic fractions that possess biological activity from predominately wastewater derived from municipal treatment facilities and have concluded that synthetic and natural estrogens are the primary cause for feminization of fish. This paper will focus on three aquatic systems impacted by wastewater originating from purely domestic, and industrial/domestic secondary treatment systems. Wastewater and sediment extracts were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo biological responses in a TIE fractionation design. While in vitro responses tended to mirror in vivo responses in purely domestic wastewater systems, in vitro responses tended to severely underestimate in vivo estrogenic activity when normalized to estradiol equivalents in more complex systems. TIE fractionation schemes using in vivo biological responses failed to indicate any relationship to steroids in either wastewater or sediment extractions. These data consistently support the view that mechanisms other than direct ER binding and activation by toxicants may be important in the feminization of fish particularly residing in habitats that receive complex wastewater or agricultural effluents. |
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