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Contemporary 14C radiocarbon levels of oxygenated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (O-PBDEs) isolated in sponge-cyanobacteria associations |
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| Authors: | Guitart Carlos Slattery Marc Ankisetty Sridevi Radwan Mohamed Ross Samir J Letcher Robert J Reddy Christopher M |
| Institution: | a Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA b University of Mississippi, Department of Pharmacognosy, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA c University of Mississippi, National Center for Natural Products Research, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA d Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3 e Instituto Español de Oceanografía - IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, c/Varadero 1, Lo Pagán, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain |
| Abstract: | Considerable debate surrounds the sources of oxygenated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (O-PBDEs) in wildlife as to whether they are naturally produced or result from anthropogenic industrial activities. Natural radiocarbon (14C) abundance has proven to be a powerful tool to address this problem as recently biosynthesized compounds contain contemporary (i.e. modern) amounts of atmospheric radiocarbon; whereas industrial chemicals, mostly produced from fossil fuels, contain no detectable 14C. However, few compounds isolated from organisms have been analyzed for their radiocarbon content. To provide a baseline, we analyzed the 14C content of four O-PBDEs. These compounds, 6-OH-BDE47, 2′-OH-BDE68, 2′,6-diOH-BDE159, and a recently identified compound, 2′-MeO-6-OH-BDE120, were isolated from the tropical marine sponges Dysidea granulosa and Lendenfeldia dendyi. The modern radiocarbon content of their chemical structures (i.e. diphenyl ethers, C12H22O) indicates that they are naturally produced. This adds to a growing baseline on, at least, the sources of these unusual compounds. |
| Keywords: | O-PBDEs Radiocarbon Accelerator mass spectrometry Sponges Mariana Islands Pacific Ocean |
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