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Comparative review of marine mammal guidance implemented during naval exercises

Authors:	Sarah J Dolman Caroline R Weir Michael Jasny

Institution:	^a Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS), Brookfield House, 38 St. Paul Street, Chippenham, Wiltshire, SN15 1LJ, UK ^b University of Aberdeen, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Department, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK ^c Ketos Ecology, 4 Compton Road, West Charleton, Kingsbridge, Devon TQ7 2BP, UK ^d Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 1314 Second Street, Santa Monica, California, 90403, USA

Abstract:	This article reviews the types and effectiveness of marine mammal mitigation measures used during some naval activities worldwide. The three main standard methods used to mitigate the potential impacts of naval sonar sound on marine mammals are (1) time/area planning (of exercises/active sonar use) to avoid marine mammals; (2) implementation of operational procedures (e.g. ‘soft start’ - where sound levels are gradually increased over time); and (3) monitoring of animals for the purpose of maintaining an ‘exclusion zone’ around the sound source. Suggestions towards a minimum worldwide mitigation standard are made.

Keywords:	ACCOBAMS Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic Area ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler ASCOBANS Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas AUTEC Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Centre BUTEC British Undersea Test and Evaluation Centre CCC California Coastal Commission CINCFLEET Commander-In-Chief Fleet DoD Department of Defense EAXA East Australia Exercise Area EIAs Environmental Impact Assessments EIS Environmental Impact Statements EPBC Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act ESS Environmental Scoping Study IEER Improved Extended Echo Range IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JMC Joint Maritime Course JNCC Joint Nature Conservation Committee LFAS Low Frequency Active Sonar MAEMP Maritime Activities Environmental Management Plan MILOC Military Oceanography Group MMO marine mammal observer MMPA Marine Mammal Protection Act NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NDE National Defence Exemption NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NURC NATO Underwater Research Centre PAM passive acoustic monitoring PMRF Pacific Missile Range Facility RAN Royal Australian Navy RIMPAC Rim of the Pacific exercise RN Royal Navy RNoN Royal Navy of Norway SACLANT Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic SAKAMATA Sea Animal Kind Area-dependant Mitigated Active Transmission Aid SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SOAR Southern California Anti-submarine Warfare Range SOCAL Southern California S2087 Sonar 2087 S2117 Sonar 2117 SONATE Norwegian decision aid tool TESS Tactical Environmental Support System UK United Kingdom UNCLOS United Nations Law of the Sea Convention USN United States Navy USWEX Undersea Warfare Exercises WAXA West Australia Exercise Area
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