The chemistry of heavy haze over Urumqi,Central Asia |
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| Authors: | Juan Li Guoshun Zhuang Kan Huang Yanfen Lin Qiongzhen Wang Yuhong Guo Jinghua Guo Shulong Yu Caixia Cui Joshua S Fu |
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| Institution: | (1) Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China;(2) Institute of Desert and Meteorology, CMA, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830002, People’s Republic of China;(3) General Environmental Monitoring Station, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, People’s Republic of China;(4) Analysis and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China;(5) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; |
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| Abstract: | A sampling campaign of aerosols over Urumqi from 2001–2007 and soil samples in the surrounding areas were carried out to investigate
the severe air pollution in Urumqi, a typical inland city, located in the center of Asia. Urumqi is one of the heavy polluted
cities in the world, as the days of haze spanned over one third of the year and accounted for 60–80% of the heating period
for the past 6 years. High concentration of fine aerosols, frequent occurrence, and rapid formation of heavy haze were the
three main characteristics. With comparison of the pollution elements, As, Cd, and S, and the ratio of Ca/Al in aerosols and
soils in those sites located on the south of Jungger Basin as tracers, it was found that As, Cd, and S highly enriched in
the aerosols over urban Urumqi were not only from the re-suspended road dust but also from the soil transported from south
of the Jungger Basin. Different from the most cities in China, the high concentration of sulfate in Urumqi was partially from
the primary soil dust transported from the surrounding areas. The mixing of the local anthropogenic aerosols with the soil
transported from outside the city was the main source of the high sulfate concentration. Ammonium salts were higher than the
summed equivalents of SO42−, NO3−, and Cl− in Urumqi and much higher than that in other Chinese cities. The total water soluble ions and the total ammonium salts were
as high as 57.8% and 51.0% in PM2.5. The high concentration of soluble salts with high hygroscopicity, especially ammonium and sulfate salts, were the main factors
contributing to the heavy haze over Urumqi. |
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| Keywords: | Haze Source Ammonium Sulfate Mixing Formation mechanism |
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