Cascades of green: A review of ecosystem-based adaptation in urban areas |
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| Institution: | 1. Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies (LUCSUS), P.O. Box 170, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden;2. Lund University Centre of Excellence for Integration of Social and Natural Dimensions of Sustainability (LUCID), P.O. Box 170, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden;3. Center for Methods, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr.1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany;4. Chair of Environmental Economics and Resource Management, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;5. Institute of Ecology, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr.1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany;6. Sustainability Economics Group, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany;7. FuturES Research Center, Leuphana University, Scharnhorststr.1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany;8. Centre for Societal Resilience, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden;1. Coastal Zone Management Research Program, Marine and Coastal Research Institute (INVEMAR), Calle 25 #2-55 Playa Salguero, Santa Marta, Colombia;2. ECOMANGLARES, Universidad del Valle, C.U. Melendez, Edif. 320. Esp. 4055, Cali, Colombia;1. Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic;2. IEEP, Institute for Economic and Environmental Policy, J. E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, 400 96, Czech Republic;1. Institute of Ethics and Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany;2. Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies (LUCSUS), P.O. Box 170, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden;3. Center for Methodology, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany;4. Sustainability Economics Group, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany;5. Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT). Fahrenheitstrasse 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany;6. Institute of Ecology, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany;7. FuturES Research Center, Leuphana University, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany;8. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal and Cátedra de Biogeografía, FCEFyN (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Casilla de Correo 495, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina;1. Sustainability Research Institute, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK;2. Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstr. 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany;3. School of Geography, Planning & Env Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, UK;1. Department of Architecture, Planning & Landscape, Claremont Tower, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom;2. Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Centennial Campus, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong;3. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Climate change impacts increase pressure on challenges to sustainability and the developmental needs of cities. Conventional, “hard” adaptation measures are often associated with high costs, inflexibility and conflicting interests related to the dense urban fabric, and ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) has emerged as a potentially cost-efficient, comprehensive, and multifunctional approach. This paper reviews and systematises research on urban EbA. We propose an analytical framework that draws on theory from ecosystem services, climate change adaptation and sustainability science. It conceptualises EbA in terms of five linked components: ecological structures, ecological functions, adaptation benefits, valuation, and ecosystem management practices.Our review identified 110 articles, reporting on 112 cities, and analysed them using both quantitative statistical and qualitative content analysis. We found that EbA research in an urban context is fragmented due to different disciplinary approaches and concepts. Most articles focus on heat or flooding, and the most studied ecological structures for reducing the risk of such hazards are green space, wetlands, trees and parks. EbA is usually evaluated in bio-geophysical terms and the use of economic or social valuations are rare. While most articles do not mention specific practices for managing ecological structures, those that do imply that urban EbA strategies are increasingly being integrated into institutional structures. Few articles considered issues of equity or stakeholder participation in EbA.We identified the following challenges for future EbA research. First, while the large amount of data generated by isolated case studies contributes to systems knowledge, there is a lack of systems perspectives that position EbA in relation to the wider socio-economic and bio-geophysical context. Second, normative and ethical aspects of EbA require more thought, such as who are the winners and losers, especially in relation to processes that put people at risk from climate-related hazards. Third, there is room for more forward-looking EbA research, including consideration of future scenarios, experimentation in the creation of new ecological structures and the role of EbA in transformative adaptation. |
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| Keywords: | Disaster risk reduction Ecosystem-based management Ecosystem services cascade model Green and blue infrastructure Nature-based solutions Resilience |
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