Trends,drivers and impacts of changes in swidden cultivation in tropical forest-agriculture frontiers: A global assessment |
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| Authors: | Nathalie van Vliet Ole Mertz Andreas Heinimann Tobias Langanke Unai Pascual Birgit Schmook Cristina Adams Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt Peter Messerli Stephen Leisz Jean-Christophe Castella Lars Jørgensen Torben Birch-Thomsen Cornelia Hett Thilde Bech-Bruun Amy Ickowitz Kim Chi Vu Kono Yasuyuki Jefferson Fox Christine Padoch Alan D Ziegler |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;2. Swiss National Centre of Research (NCCR) North-South, Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 10, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;3. Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, 19 Silver st. Cambridge, CB3, 9EP, UK;4. Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo, 36-5 Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao Bizkaia, Spain;5. ECOSUR (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur) Av del Centenario Km 5.5, Chetumal, Q. R00, CP 77900, Mexico;6. Laboratório de Ecologia Humana, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil;7. Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming 650204, China;8. Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 10, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;9. Department of Anthropology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525, United States of America;10. Institute of Research for Development (IRD) and, Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), PO Box 5992, Vientiane, Lao PDR;11. Department of Agrculture and Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark;12. Department of Economics, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA;13. Faculty of Geography, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334, Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam;14. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;15. East-West Center, 1601 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96848 USA;p. Institute of Economic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USA;q. Anthropology, School of Social Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia;r. Geography Department, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link Kent Ridge, Singapore 117570, Singapore |
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| Abstract: | This meta-analysis of land-cover transformations of the past 10–15 years in tropical forest-agriculture frontiers world-wide shows that swidden agriculture decreases in landscapes with access to local, national and international markets that encourage cattle production and cash cropping, including biofuels. Conservation policies and practices also accelerate changes in swidden by restricting forest clearing and encouraging commercial agriculture. However, swidden remains important in many frontier areas where farmers have unequal or insecure access to investment and market opportunities, or where multi-functionality of land uses has been preserved as a strategy to adapt to current ecological, economic and political circumstances. In some areas swidden remains important simply because intensification is not a viable choice, for example when population densities and/or food market demands are low. The transformation of swidden landscapes into more intensive land uses has generally increased household incomes, but has also led to negative effects on the social and human capital of local communities to varying degrees. From an environmental perspective, the transition from swidden to other land uses often contributes to permanent deforestation, loss of biodiversity, increased weed pressure, declines in soil fertility, and accelerated soil erosion. Our prognosis is that, despite the global trend towards land use intensification, in many areas swidden will remain part of rural landscapes as the safety component of diversified systems, particularly in response to risks and uncertainties associated with more intensive land use systems. |
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