Revisiting the parcel method and CAPE |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth''s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 340 XuDong Rd., Wuhan, Hubei Province, China;2. Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research (CSRSR), National Central University, Chungli District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan;3. Taiwan GIS Center (TGIC), Taipei, Taiwan |
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| Abstract: | Although the parcel method and the convective available potential energy (CAPE) are widely used to predict the strength and height of convection, they ignore the pressure perturbation and fail to explain strong updrafts observed in tropical cyclones and hurricanes without CAPE, or deep, strong warm downdrafts in hurricane eye-walls, tropopause folds, or downslope winds leeward of mountains. Those phenomena can be explained by the Bernoulli equation that conserves the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and enthalpy in an inviscid fluid. Our analytic and numerical results also show how, in a moist stable environment without CAPE, updrafts and clouds can develop against negative buoyancy. Deep warm downdrafts can also form in cloud-free regions or areas without significant evaporative cooling from precipitation. |
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| Keywords: | Parcel method CAPE Adiabatic lapse rate Bernoulli equation Buoyancy Dynamic pressure |
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