| 我国霾和光化学污染观测研究进展 |
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| 引用本文： | 徐晓斌.我国霾和光化学污染观测研究进展[J].应用气象学报,2016,27(5):604-619. |
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| 作者姓名： | 徐晓斌 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室，中国气象局大气化学重点开放实验室，北京 100081 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金项目（41330433），公益性行业（气象）科研专项（GYHY201206015） |
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| 摘 要： | 霾和光化学污染已成为我国最严重的环境气象灾害，受到政府和公众广泛关注。针对我国的环境气象问题，国内外科研人员开展了大量研究工作，发表了一系列的研究成果。该文对近年来我国霾和光化学污染的观测、分析和影响研究方面的文献进行综述，为将来相关研究提供基础。在霾污染方面，主要回顾了霾的现象与判别、组成与来源、影响霾的气象因素、霾的长期趋势等方面的研究进展。在光化学污染方面，主要回顾了污染的特征与水平、污染的区域化、臭氧垂直分布、地面臭氧影响因素、臭氧污染发展趋势等方面的研究进展。此外，还概括了霾和光化学污染危害研究主要成果，在文献综述的基础上，提出了未来研究中值得关注的几方面问题，包括进一步加强霾和雾的科学判识方法、污染物相互作用、污染-气象-化学-生态间耦合效应研究，特别关注光化学污染发展态势，加强长期观测资料的积累、分析与应用等。
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| 关 键 词： | 霾污染 光化学污染 气象影响 污染危害 |
| 收稿时间： | 6/4/2016 12:00:00 AM |
| 修稿时间： | 2016/7/19 0:00:00 |
Observational Study Advances of Haze and Photochemical Pollution in China |
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| Xu Xiaobin.Observational Study Advances of Haze and Photochemical Pollution in China[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology,2016,27(5):604-619. |
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| Authors: | Xu Xiaobin |
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| Institution: | State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081 |
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| Abstract: | In recent decades, haze pollution and photochemical pollution in China have become severe environment-meteorological disasters, causing broad and deep concern of government and public. Many research projects focusing on China's haze and photochemical pollution have been carried out by Chinese scientists in collaboration with scientists from abroad. A large number of peer-reviewed papers have been published to report results and outcomes from these projects. A review of reported results and outcomes from the study of haze and photochemical pollution in China is given. To limit the length, the paper can only include a concise review of the literature published mainly in the last decade and summarize the outcomes from observations, observation-based analyses, with impact and damage studies. Studies of haze pollution are reviewed, with foci on the haze phenomenon and haze-fog differentiation, the major compositions of haze particles and their sources, meteorological factors influencing haze formation, long-term trends of haze and potential causes. Advances in the study of photochemical pollution are summarized, in terms of characteristics and extent of photochemical pollution, the regional extension of photochemical pollution, the vertical distribution of ozone, factors influencing surface ozone, long-term trends of surface and tropospheric ozone. In addition, it introduces impacts of haze and ozone pollution on human health, impacts of haze on the safety of traffic and electricity transfer, and impacts of ozone pollution on crops, vegetables and natural vegetion. Methods to differentiate haze from fog or mist have been questioned for a long time. The major issue has been the upper limit of relative humidity (RH) for haze, which have influenced the data quality of historical haze and fog records. Recent studies suggest that the RH upper limits for haze (80%) and haze-fog mixture (95%), which are given in the current meteorological standard, should be lowered. Including PM2.5 data may facilitate the haze-fog differentiation. However, more studies are necessary in different regions. Although impacted by mineral dust, the major compositions of PM2.5 are from anthropogenic sources, including organic compounds, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, etc. Secondary aerosols dominate the formation severe haze. There have been long-term increases in haze days over many regions of China. These trends can more or less be attributed to factors related with climate change, such as lower windspeed, lower RH, lower boundary layer height, etc., but should mainly be caused by increased emissions of air pollutants. After the discovery of photochemical smog in Lanzhou, western China, high levels of surface ozone have been often observed in other cities, particularly those in the North China Plain (NCP), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions. In recent decades, even higher ozone levels have been observed at rural and regional background sites in the above regions, indicating that photochemical pollution in China has become a regional or super-regional phenomenon. Only a few sites in China have been collecting long-term data of surface ozone and ozone profiles are observed only at one site for a longer time. Limited datasets show that levels of ozone in the NCP and PRD regions have been signifcantly increasing, and there has also been an increase trend in surface ozone at Mt Waliguan, a baseline station in western China. Ozone formation at most urban and rural sites in the NCP, YRD and PRD has been found to be more sensitive to VOCs, species that have been increasingly emitted. It implies that photochemical pollution would become even more severe in the above regions and take a long time to control. In future studies, more attention should be paid to photochemical pollution, to interactions between haze and photochemical pollution, and to coupling among pollutants, meteorology, chemistry and ecosystem. |
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| Keywords: | haze pollution photochemical pollution meteorological influences impacts of pollution |
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