Trend and interannual variability of temperature in Malaysia: 1961–2002 |
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| Authors: | F T Tangang L Juneng S Ahmad |
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| Institution: | (1) Marine Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia;(2) School of Social, Development and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia |
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| Abstract: | Summary This paper investigates the warming trend and interannual variability of surface air temperatures in the Malaysian region
during the period 1961–2002. The trend analyses show that most regions in Malaysia experience warming over the period at comparable
rates to those in regions surrounding the Bay of Bengal. The regions of Peninsular Malaysia and northern Borneo experience
warming rates of between 2.7–4.0 °C/100 years. However, the warming rates are lower in the south-western region of Borneo.
The interannual variability of Malaysian temperature is largely dominated by the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Regardless
of the warming trends, all regions in Malaysia experience uniform warming during an El Ni?o event, particularly during the
October–November–December (OND) and the January–February–March (JFM) periods. This uniform warming is associated with the
latent heat released from the central eastern Pacific region and forced adiabatic subsidence in the Maritime Continent during
an El Ni?o event. During its early development period i.e. during the July–August–September (JAS) season, the El Ni?o’s impact
on the Malaysian temperatures is relatively weak compare to its influence during the OND and JFM seasons. However, the warming
continues to the April–May–June (AMJ) season although during this period the anomalous conditions in the eastern central Pacific
have begun or have returned to normal. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode exerts an influence on Malaysian temperatures. When
it co-occurs with ENSO, it tends to weaken the ENSO influence particularly during an OND period. However, it appears to have
an appreciable influence only during an AMJ period when it occurs in the absence of an ENSO event. Despite the strong influence
of the ENSO, the warming rates during the 42-year period appears to be least affected by interannual variability. |
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