Production and air–sea flux of halomethanes in the western subarctic Pacific in relation to phytoplankton pigment concentrations during the iron fertilization experiment (SEEDS II) |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan;2. Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan;3. Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan;4. Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan;5. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;6. Faculty of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0813, Japan;1. Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan;2. School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;3. Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan;4. Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Shiogama, Miyagi 985-0001, Japan;1. Departamento de Ecología and Instituto Universitario del Agua, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;2. Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA;3. Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;1. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, IA 50319-0034, USA;2. Environmental Studies, Goucher College, Baltimore, MD 21204, USA;3. Department of Geological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3315, USA;1. LUNAM université, Université de Nantes, Mer Molécules Santé EA 2160, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, B.P. 92208, 44322 Nantes cedex 3, France;2. Centro de Biodiversidade, Genómica Integrativa e Funcional (BioFIG), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal;3. LUNAM université, Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR 6112, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, B.P. 92208, 44322 Nantes cedex 3, France;1. Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil;2. National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403804, India;1. IIM–CSIC, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;2. Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia;3. Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790–8577, Japan;4. Department of Limnology and Oceanography, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Vienna, Austria;5. Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands;1. Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC 88.040-900, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Iron could play a key role in controlling phytoplankton biomass and productivity in high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions. As a part of the iron fertilization experiment carried out in the western subarctic Pacific from July to August 2004 (Subarctic Pacific iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study II—SEEDS II), we analysed the concentrations of trace gases in the seawater for 12 d following iron fertilization. The mean concentrations of chlorophyll a in the mixed layer (5–30 m depth) increased from 0.94 to 2.81 μg L–1 for 8 d in the iron patch. The mean concentrations of methyl bromide (CH3Br; 5–30 m depth) increased from 6.4 to 13.4 pmol L–1 for 11 d; the in-patch concentration increased relative to the out-patch concentration. A linear correlation was observed between the concentrations of 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, which is a biomarker of several prymnesiophytes, and CH3Br in the seawater. After fertilization, the air–sea flux of CH3Br inside the patch changed from influx to efflux from the ocean. There was no clear evidence for the increase in saturation anomaly of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) due to iron fertilization. Furthermore, CH3Cl fluxes did not show a tendency to increase after fertilization of the patch. In contrast to CH3Br, no change was observed in the concentrations of bromoform (in-patch day 11 and out-patch day 11: 1.7 and 1.7 pmol L–1), dibromomethane (2.1 and 2.2 pmol L–1), and dibromochloromethane (1.0 and 1.2 pmol L–1, respectively). The concentration of isoprene, which is known to have a relationship with chlorophyll a, did not change in this study. The responses of trace gases during SEEDS II differed from the previous findings (in situ iron enrichment experiment—EisenEx, Southern Ocean iron experiment—SOFeX, and Subarctic Ecosystem Response to Iron Enrichment Study—SERIES). Thus, in order to estimate the concomitant effect of iron fertilization on the climate, it is important to assess the induction of biological activity and the distributions/air–sea fluxes of trace gases by iron addition. |
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