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The role of the International Maritime Organization in reducing vessel threat to whales: Process,options, action and effectiveness
Authors:Gregory K Silber  Angelia SM Vanderlaan  Ana Tejedor Arceredillo  Lindy Johnson  Christopher T Taggart  Moira W Brown  Shannon Bettridge  Ricardo Sagarminaga
Institution:1. Office of Protected Resources, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;2. Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2;3. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews Biological Station, 531 Brandy Cove Road, St. Andrews, NB, Canada E5B 2L9;4. KAI Marine Services, Nalón, 16, La Berzosa, 28240 Hoyode Manzanares, Madrid, Spain;5. General Counsel for Office of International Law, National Oceanic and Atmospheric, Administration, 14th & Constitution, N.W., Washington, DC, 20230, USA;6. New England Aquarium, Boston, MA, 02110, USA;g Canadian Whale Institute, Box 410, Wilson''s Beach, NB, Canada E5E 1Y2;h ALNITAK Marine Environment Research Center, Nalón, 16, La Berzosa, 28240 Hoyode Manzanares, Madrid, Spain
Abstract:
Keywords:AIS  Automatic Identification System  AMVER  Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System  ATBA  Area To Be Avoided  CD  Compact Disc  DGMM  Direcció  n General de la Marina Mercante (Directorate General of the Merchant Marine)  ECAREG  Eastern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone Regulations  GT  Gross tonnage  IMO  International Maritime Organization  INMARSAT  International Marine/Maritime Satellite  ICOADS  International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set  IUCN  International Union for Conservation of Nature  MEPC  Marine Environment Protection Committee  MSC  Marine Safety Committee  MSR  Mandatory Ship Reporting systems  NAV  Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation  NMFS  National Marine Fisheries Service  NOAA  National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration  SOLAS  International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea  TSS  Traffic Separation Scheme  USA  United States of America  USCG  United States Coast Guard  VOS  Voluntary Observing Ships
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