Global catches,exploitation rates,and rebuilding options for sharks |
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| Institution: | 1. Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2;2. Institute for Ocean Conservation Science, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA;3. Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA;4. Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada N9B 3P4;5. Bimini Biological Field Station, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33176-2050, USA;1. The Indonesian Biodiversity Research Centre, The Animal Biomedical and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Udayana University, Jl Sesetan-Markisa 6, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia;2. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl Rasamala, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia;3. Marine Science Department, Faculty of Husbandry, Fisheries, and Marine Science, University State of Papua, Jalan Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari, Papua, Indonesia;4. Flora and Fauna International, Jl Cumi-Cumi 15, Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia;5. Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA;6. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA;7. Master program in Environmental Sciences, Udayana University, Jl P.B. Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia;1. eOceans, Dartmouth, NS, Canada;2. University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK;3. Shark Guardian, Thailand;1. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade Marinha do Sudeste e Sul do Brasil (CEPSUL/ICMBio), Brazil;2. Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná, Brazil;3. Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Marinha, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil;4. Laboratório de Pesquisa de Elasmobrânquios, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus do Litoral Paulista, São Vicente, Brazil;5. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo, Piúma, Espírito Santo, Brazil;6. Laboratorio de Dinamica de Populacoes Marinhas (DIMAR), Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura (DEPAq), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil;1. Sea Around Us, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada;2. Hemmera, 4730 Kingsway, 18th Floor, Burnaby, BC, V5H 0C6, Canada;1. Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA;2. RJ Dunlap Marine Conservation Program, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA;3. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, USA;4. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA |
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| Abstract: | Adequate conservation and management of shark populations is becoming increasingly important on a global scale, especially because many species are exceptionally vulnerable to overfishing. Yet, reported catch statistics for sharks are incomplete, and mortality estimates have not been available for sharks as a group. Here, the global catch and mortality of sharks from reported and unreported landings, discards, and shark finning are being estimated at 1.44 million metric tons for the year 2000, and at only slightly less in 2010 (1.41 million tons). Based on an analysis of average shark weights, this translates into a total annual mortality estimate of about 100 million sharks in 2000, and about 97 million sharks in 2010, with a total range of possible values between 63 and 273 million sharks per year. Further, the exploitation rate for sharks as a group was calculated by dividing two independent mortality estimates by an estimate of total global biomass. As an alternative approach, exploitation rates for individual shark populations were compiled and averaged from stock assessments and other published sources. The resulting three independent estimates of the average exploitation rate ranged between 6.4% and 7.9% of sharks killed per year. This exceeds the average rebound rate for many shark populations, estimated from the life history information on 62 shark species (rebound rates averaged 4.9% per year), and explains the ongoing declines in most populations for which data exist. The consequences of these unsustainable catch and mortality rates for marine ecosystems could be substantial. Global total shark mortality, therefore, needs to be reduced drastically in order to rebuild depleted populations and restore marine ecosystems with functional top predators. |
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