Whether to employ trade controls or fisheries management to conserve precious corals (Coralliidae) in the Northern Pacific Ocean |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital Center, Charleroi, Belgium;2. Department of Biostatistics, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium;3. Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Laboratoire BioPeroxIL (Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique) Dijon, France;4. Immunobiology and Molecular Biology of the Gene, Department of Molecular Biology, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium;5. Inserm, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, North France University Lille, France;1. Australian Museum Research Institute, 1 William St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia;2. TRAFFIC in Southeast Asia, Unit 3-2, 1st floor, Jalan SS23/11, Taman SEA, 47400, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia;3. North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 W. Jones St., Raleigh, NC 27601, USA;4. Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi, Vietnam;5. Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City-University of Science, Faculty of Biology, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;6. University of California, Berkeley. Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management; and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. 3101 Valley Life Sciences Bldg., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;7. National University of Laos, Faculty of Natural Science, Department of Biology, P. O. Box 2273, Dong Dok Campus, Vientiane Capital, Laos |
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| Abstract: | Precious corals (Coralliidae) have been a part of numerous aspects of human life and culture for several millennia. They differ from reef-building corals and primarily inhabit deep waters. Their characteristics of a slow renewal rate and high commercial value make them a frangible resource that is easily overexploited. Proposals to manage the main species with high commercial value through trade controls and listing in Appendix II were submitted to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 2007 and 2010. Two of the main arguments for the northern Pacific precious coral CITES proposal were the more than 60–80% decline of Corallium secundum and C. sp. nov. in landings since 1980s and lack of proper management. Although both proposals were rejected, they have sparked debates regarding the benefits of managing coral resources through trade controls and fisheries management. In this study, several arguments related to this topic on northern Pacific precious corals are presented, in the following three dimensions: (1) a reconstructed historical landing series from official FAO data and information on the history of coral fishing have scientifically indicated that the substantial decline in landings in the late 1980s was caused by the abandonment of fishing grounds and a shift in the target species; (2) enhanced management plans, which incorporate effective monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS) measures, have been implemented in the two main countries that fish precious coral; and (3) the influence of socioeconomic factors must be considered when assessing CITES listing applications. Recommendations for achieving sustainable coral resource conservation are also provided. |
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