Tributyltin impacts in Galapagos Islands and Ecuadorian shore: Marine protected areas under threat |
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| Institution: | 1. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Especialidades Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador;2. Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador;3. Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Coastal Campus, São Vicente, Brazil;4. Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil;1. CNRS UMR 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l''Adour, Hélioparc Pau Pyrénées, 2, av. P. Angot, 9, France;2. Departamento de Quimica y Edafologia, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain;3. Institut National de l''Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS); Parc Technologique ALATA, BP 2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France;1. UR 03AGRO1 Ecosystèmes et Ressources Aquatiques, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia;2. UMR 6539 Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d’Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France;3. UR Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN, FRE 3498 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Rue des Louvels, 80000 Amiens, France;1. Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, The Elst 1, 6708, WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany;3. CERNAS – Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta 3045-601, Coimbra, Portugal;4. Soil Physics and Land Management Group, University of Wageningen, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;2. University of Wisconsin, Department of Zoology, Ecosystem and Landscape Ecology Lab, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA;1. DICATECh, Politecnico di Bari, via Orabona, 4 I-70125 Bari, Italy;2. ARPA PUGLIA, Corso Trieste, 27 I-70126 Bari, Italy;3. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain;1. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan;2. Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan;3. Institute of Occupational Safety and Hazard Prevention, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan;4. Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taiwan |
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| Abstract: | Imposex incidence and biometric parameters were investigated in six muricid species along of 1200 km of Ecuadorian shore and in Galapagos archipelago. The obtained data, were compared to previous studies performed in the same area in 2009. The results showed that moderate imposex levels still occur in coastal areas of Ecuador, even after global TBT ban. However, a reduction in imposex parameters was detected in the sampled sites, indicating probably relationship to the global TBT ban issued by IMO at 2008. On the other hand, the levels currently reported in present study indicates that TBT environmental concentrations are still high enough to produce biological effects in studied areas. In addition, imposex incidence in four muricid species from Galapagos islands were detected suggesting that this marine protected area is under threat of antifouling contamination. These findings, after TBT global ban, denotes that current regulations and conservation plans still need to address such an issue and incorporate more restrictive management rules, particularly in complex coastal areas, vulnerable and unique systems such as the Galapagos Islands. |
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| Keywords: | Antifouling paints Regulations Harbor areas Marine protected areas Imposex |
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