Middle to Late Cenozoic tectonic events in south and central Palawan (Philippines) and their implications to the evolution of the south-eastern margin of South China Sea: Evidence from onshore structural and offshore seismic data |
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| Institution: | 1. Structural Geology and Tectonics Laboratory, National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines, Velasquez St., UP Campus, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;2. Philippine National Oil Company – Exploration Corporation, PNPC Complex, Merritt Road, Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City, Philippines;3. Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resource (BGR), Hannover, Germany;4. Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 31750 Tronoh, Malaysia;5. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, 24 Rue Lhomond, Paris, France;1. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;2. 3D Seismic Lab. School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom;3. Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China;4. Institute for Geosciences, University of Kiel, Kiel 24188, Germany;5. School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;6. Department of Exploration, CNOOC, Beijing 100010, China;7. Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, China University of Geosciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430074, China;8. Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;9. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;1. BGR, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany;2. ENS, Laboratoire de Géologie, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France;1. State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;2. Research Institute of China National Offshore Oil Corporation, Beijing 100027, China;3. Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands;1. Guangdong Key Lab of Geodynamics and Geohazards, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;2. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China;3. Department of Geology, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;4. School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;5. Department of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;6. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China |
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| Abstract: | Using recently gathered onland structural and 2D/3D offshore seismic data in south and central Palawan (Philippines), this paper presents a new perspective in unraveling the Cenozoic tectonic history of the southeastern margin of the South China Sea. South and central Palawan are dominated by Mesozoic ophiolites (Palawan Ophiolite), distinct from the primarily continental composition of the north. These ophiolites are emplaced over syn-rift Eocene turbidites (Panas Formation) along thrust structures best preserved in the ophiolite–turbidite contact as well as within the ophiolites. Thrusting is sealed by Early Miocene (～20 Ma) sediments of the Pagasa Formation (Isugod Formation onland), constraining the younger limit of ophiolite emplacement at end Late Oligocene (～23 Ma). The onset of ophiolite emplacement at end Eocene is constrained by thrust-related metamorphism of the Eocene turbidites, and post-emplacement underthrusting of Late Oligocene – Early Miocene Nido Limestone. This carbonate underthrusting at end Early Miocene (～16 Ma) is marked by the deformation of a seismic unit corresponding to the earliest members of the Early – Middle Miocene Pagasa Formation. Within this formation, a tectonic wedge was built within Middle Miocene (from ～16 Ma to ～12 Ma), forming a thrust-fold belt called the Pagasa Wedge. Wedge deformation is truncated by the regionally-observed Middle Miocene Unconformity (MMU ～12 Ma). A localized, post-kinematic extension affects thrust-fold structures, the MMU, and Late Miocene to Early Pliocene carbonates (e.g. Tabon Limestone). This structural set-up suggests a continuous convergent regime affecting the southeastern margin of the South China Sea between end Eocene to end Middle Miocene. The ensuing structures including juxtaposed carbonates, turbidites and shallow marine clastics within thrust-fold belts have become ideal environments for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation. Best developed in the Northwest Borneo Trough area, the intensity of thrust-fold deformation decreases towards the northeast into offshore southwest Palawan. |
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| Keywords: | Central-south Palawan Onland structural transects 3D seismic data South China Sea margin evolution |
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