| 海洋浮游微食物网结构及其影响因素 |
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| 引用本文： | 张武昌,陈雪,赵苑,赵丽,肖天.海洋浮游微食物网结构及其影响因素[J].海洋科学集刊,2016,51(51):181-193. |
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| 作者姓名： | 张武昌 陈雪 赵苑 赵丽 肖天 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国科学院海洋研究所,中国科学院海洋研究所,中国科学院海洋研究所,中国科学院海洋研究所,中国科学院海洋研究所 |
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| 摘 要： | 微食物环是海洋生态系统中重要的物质和能量过程，是传统食物链的有效补充。微食物环研究是当前海洋生态学研究的热点之一，但对其结构的系统研究较少，海洋微食物网结构在2000年才被Garrison提出。尽管微食物网各个类群的丰度在不同海洋环境中有相对变化，但是这些变化都处于一定的范围之内，其丰度结构约为纤毛虫10 cell ml-1、鞭毛虫103 cell ml-1、微微型真核浮游生物104 cell ml-1、蓝细菌104-5 cell ml-1、异养细菌106 cell ml-1、病毒107 particle ml-1。海洋浮游食物链中捕食者和饵料生物粒径的最佳比值为10:1，实际研究中该比值会略低，例如纤毛虫与其饵料的粒径比值为8:1，鞭毛虫为3:1。Pico和Nano浮游植物的丰度比（Pico:Nano）是研究微食物网结构的指数之一，该指数具有不受研究尺度影响的优点，可用于研究区域性和全球性微食物网结构。近年来，学者们从多角度对海洋微食物网的结构开展了研究，不同海区微食物网各类群丰度、生物量的时间和空间变化研究有很多报道，微食物网的结构可受空间、季节、摄食、营养盐等多种因素影响。在对不同空间微食物网的研究中，学者往往研究不同物理性质的水团中各类群生物丰度的不同，以此来表征微食物网结构的不同；同一海区微食物网结构的季节变化也是使用各个类群丰度和生物量的变化来表示，该变化主要受水文环境因素影响。摄食者对微食物网各类生物的影响通过三种途径：1. 中型浮游动物摄食；2. 中型浮游动物摄食微型浮游动物，通过营养级级联效应影响低营养级生物；3. 中型浮游动物通过释放溶解有机物、营养盐影响细菌和低营养级生物。浮游植物通过产生化感物质和溶解有机物影响微食物网结构，而营养盐的浓度及变化则可以对微食物网产生直接或间接影响。
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| 关 键 词： | 微食物网 结构 微微型浮游植物 鞭毛虫 纤毛虫 |
| 收稿时间： | 2016/7/25 0:00:00 |
| 修稿时间： | 2016/7/29 0:00:00 |
The Microbial Food Web Structure and Influencing Factors: A Review |
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| ZHANG Wuchang,CHEN Xue,ZHAO Yuan,ZHAO Li and XIAO Tian.The Microbial Food Web Structure and Influencing Factors: A Review[J].Studia Marina Sinica,2016,51(51):181-193. |
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| Authors: | ZHANG Wuchang CHEN Xue ZHAO Yuan ZHAO Li and XIAO Tian |
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| Institution: | Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Scienc,Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Scienc,Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Scienc,Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Scienc,Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Scienc |
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| Abstract: | The microbial food web, which is comprised of phototrophic picoplankton, heterotrophic bacteria, virus and protozoa, is ubiquitous in marine waters. Members of the microbial food web may play important roles in the energy and nutrients cycle in the ocean. In microbial food webs, different types of interactions occur between microorganisms themselves and with microzooplankton. The functioning of the microbial food webs in different ecosystems has been well illustrated and explained. However, little has been known about the structure of the microbial food web since the first study in 2000 by Garrison et al. The abundances of different groups in the microbial food web are changing under different environments, but they mostly fall into a certain range: Ciliate 10 cell ml-1, nanoflagellates 103 cell ml-1, picoplankton 104 cell ml-1, cyanobacteria 104-5 cell ml-1, heterotrophic bacteria 106 cell ml-1, virus 107 particle ml-1. The optimum linear size ratio between predators and their optimal prey is 10:1, although this ratio is lower in field studies. For example, the ratio is 3:1 for nanoflagellates and 8:1 for ciliates. The ratio of picoplankton to nanoplankton abundance (Pico:Nano) is a scale-free index to study the microbial food web structure. The structure of the microbial food web depends, on one hand, on the type of environments and, on the other hand, on forcing factors exerting on these environments such as predation, phytoplankton and nutrient supplement. When studying the spatial variation of microbial food web structure, researchers usually use observation results of the abundance of microbial food web components from different water masses as an alternative plan. Regarding to the seasonal variation, the abundances and biomasses of microbial food web components are affected by the hydrological environment. Predation can affect the microbial food web structure through the following pathways: 1. Mesozooplankton feeding; 2. Mesozooplankton consumes microzooplankton and affecting lower trophic level through cascading predation effects; 3. Mesozooplankton could affect bacteria and other lower trophic level component by releasing dissolved organic matter and nutrients. Phytoplankton could release allelochemical matter and dissolved organic matter to change microbial food web dynamics. The concentration and variation of nutrients can have a direct or indirect impact on microbial food web structure. |
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| Keywords: | Microbial food web Structure Picoplankton Nanoflagellates Ciliates |
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