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Density currents in the two-layer flow: an example of Dardanelles outflow
Institution:1. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder,CO, USA;2. Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA;3. Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany;4. Uni Research Climate, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway;5. Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, a partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Melbourne, Australia;6. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA;7. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, NY, USA;8. Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA;9. Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), Toulouse, France;10. National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOCS), Southampton, UK;11. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany;12. Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia;13. Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway;14. International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy;15. Mercator-Ocean, Toulouse, France;p. Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Bologna, Italy;q. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA;r. Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan;s. NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Princeton, NJ, USA;t. Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA;u. IPSL/LOCEAN, CNRS-IRD-UPMC, Paris, France;v. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Bologna, Italy;w. International CLIVAR Project Office, ICTP, Trieste, Italy;x. Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;y. Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM-GAME), Toulouse, France;z. Laboratoire de Physique des Océans, UMR 6523, CNRS-Ifremer-IRD-UBO, IUEM, Plouzane, France;11. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland;12. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Canada;1. International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy;2. Research School of Earth Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, Australian National University (ANU), ACT, Australia;3. NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Princeton, NJ, USA;4. Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, a partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology, Aspendale, Australia;5. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany;6. Uni Research Ltd. Bergen, Norway;7. Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA;8. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, NY, USA;9. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA;10. Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany;11. Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia;12. University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;13. Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Bologna, Italy;14. Trinnovim LLC, New York, New York, USA;15. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Bologna, Italy;p. National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOCS), Southampton, UK;q. Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan;r. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland;s. Medgar Evers College of CUNY, New York, NY, USA
Abstract:Observations from hydrographic surveys are used to describe the density current flowing through the Dardanelles strait into the Marmara Sea. Aegean water plunges below the surface and flows into the Marmara Sea. This flow joins into the Marmara Sea as a negatively buoyant plume and sinks through the deeper parts. Seasonal variation in the incoming water density results in the observing mainly two different forms of the density current in this area. These two forms are boundary currents and intrusion. Boundary currents were observed as a dense bottom current during the winter when the inflowing water density attains to annual maxima and as an overflow during the autumn when the inflowing water density drops to annual minimum. Intrusion form of the density current was observed during the summer.
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