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Hydrogeology of northern Sierra de Chiapas,Mexico: a conceptual model based on a geochemical characterization of sulfide-rich karst brackish springs |
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| Authors: | Laura Rosales Lagarde Penelope J Boston Andrew R Campbell Louise D Hose Gary Axen Kevin W Stafford |
| Institution: | 1. Earth and Environmental Science Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM, 87801, USA 2. National Cave and Karst Research Institute, 400-1 Cascades Avenue, Carlsbad, NM, 88220-6215, USA 3. RPTS Department, Texas A&M University, 2261 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77546, USA 4. Department of Geology, Stephen F. Austin State University, P.O. Box 13011, Nacogdoches, TX, 75962, USA |
| Abstract: | Conspicuous sulfide-rich karst springs flow from Cretaceous carbonates in northern Sierra de Chiapas, Mexico. This is a geologically complex, tropical karst area. The physical, geologic, hydrologic and chemical attributes of these springs were determined and integrated into a conceptual hydrogeologic model. A meteoric source and a recharge elevation below 1,500 m are estimated from the spring-water isotopic signature regardless of their chemical composition. Brackish spring water flows at a maximum depth of 2,000 m, as inferred from similar chemical attributes to the produced water from a nearby oil well. Oil reservoirs may be found at depths below 2,000 m. Three subsurface environments or aquifers are identified based on the B, Li+, K+ and SiO2 concentrations, spring water temperatures, and CO2 pressures. There is mixing between these aquifers. The aquifer designated Local is shallow and contains potable water vulnerable to pollution. The aquifer named Northern receives some brackish produced water. The composition of the Southern aquifer is influenced by halite dissolution enhanced at fault detachment surfaces. Epigenic speleogenesis is associated with the Local springs. In contrast, hypogenic speleogenesis is associated with the brackish sulfidic springs from the Northern and the Southern environments. |
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