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| 长江三峡库区全新世环境考古研究进展 | |
| 引用本文： | 朱诚,马春梅,李兰,孙智彬,郑朝贵,白九江,朱光耀,黄润.长江三峡库区全新世环境考古研究进展[J].地学前缘,2010,17(3):222. |
| 作者姓名： | 朱诚 马春梅 李兰 孙智彬 郑朝贵 白九江 朱光耀 黄润 |
| 作者单位： | 1. 南京大学,地理与海洋科学学院,江苏,南京,210093 2. 四川省文物考古研究院,四川,成都,610041 3. 安徽滁州学院,地理系,安徽,滁州,239012 4. 重庆市文物考古所,重庆,400013 5. 安徽蚌埠学院,人文与社会科学部,安徽,蚌埠,233050 6. 皖西学院,城市建设与环境系,安徽,六安,237012 |
| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金重点项目，国家自然科学基金面上项目，黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室开放基金，国家基础科学人才培养基金 |
| 摘 要： | 充分利用长江三峡工程文物抢救性发掘的宝贵机会,通过对重庆市忠县中坝遗址、丰都县玉溪遗址等典型遗址和神农架大九湖泥炭地层环境考古研究,摸索出了一套利用年代学、沉积学、重矿物组分鉴定、锆石形态统计、地球化学和环境磁学方法辨别考古遗址地层中古洪水沉积的方法;建立了该区地表孢粉-气候的转换函数,并将其用于对神农架大九湖泥炭地层的研究,弄清了该区全新世以来环境演变的背景,并将自然沉积地层环境演变记录与典型考古遗址地层古洪水事件作了对比分析。遗址时空分布研究表明:长江三峡库区旧石器时代至宋代677处遗址时空分布总趋势是从西往东、从高往低逐渐增加的,遗址多沿江河分布,且在河流交汇处呈聚集状态,这与人类多选择河流1～2级阶地为生、河流交汇处鱼类资源丰富有关。研究表明:中坝遗址能延续5000a的原因一方面与其盐业遗址的属性有关,另一方面与其长期具有良好生态环境有关。从该遗址T0202探方出土近20万件动物骨骼的分类统计证明了这一点。7.6kaBP以来,水位在吴淞高程147.024m以上的古洪水至少在玉溪遗址T0403探方中留下了16次沉积记录。神农架大九湖297cm厚的泥炭及其148个孢粉样品和10个AMS14C测年数据表明,该泥炭地层为本项目提供了理想的全新世自然环境演变背景,尤其8.2kaBP前后的降温事件很明显,6.7～4.2kaBP为中全新世最适宜期,4.2kaBP前后由暖湿转为凉干,3.5～0.9kaBP季风降水整体较弱,0.9kaBP前后转为较凉湿。根据对中坝和玉溪两处遗址地层的研究,在8.2～6.7kaBP期间出现有10个古洪水层;在6.7～4.2kaBP全新世最适宜期遗址地层中出现有8个古洪水层;在3.5～0.9kaBP降水减少的时期,中坝遗址中仅出现2个洪水层(即西周时期的37-1和战国早期的第21层);在0.9kaBP以来降水较多的时期,中坝遗址中存在3个洪水层(即宋代中期的11C-1层、清代的5-1层和1981年的2B-2层)。这表明,8.2～6.7kaBP的洪水在三峡地区次数是最多的,6.7～4.2kaBP的洪水数量次之。长江三峡库区的这一古洪水发生规律或许可以解释长江中游的江汉平原在7.8～5.1kaBP期间遗址数量偏少的原因。 |
| 关 键 词： | 长江三峡库区 全新世环境演变 环境考古 古洪水事件 研究进展 |
The progress in the study of environmental archaeology during the Holocene in Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River |
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| Zhu Cheng,Ma Chunmei,Li Lan,Sun Zhibin,Zheng Chaogui,Bai Jiujiang,Zhu Guangyao,Huang Run.The progress in the study of environmental archaeology during the Holocene in Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2010,17(3):222. | |
| Authors: | Zhu Cheng Ma Chunmei Li Lan Sun Zhibin Zheng Chaogui Bai Jiujiang Zhu Guangyao Huang Run |
| Abstract: | In this study,the authors made use of the most valuable chance of salvage excavation of the cultural relics in the Three Gorges Project to do environmental archaeology research in two typical archaeological sites:the Zhongba Site in Zhongxian County and the Yuxi Site in Fengdu County of Chongqing City,and one natural peat profile,the Dajiuhu peat of Shennongjia Mountain.Chronology,sedimentology,component and morphology of heavy minerals,micromorphology of zircon,geochemistry and environmental magnetics were used to distinguish the paleoflood deposits in archaeological sites.In addition,the sporopollen-climate conversion function was set up and used to study the Dajiuhu peat,and the authors raveled the environmental evolution background since the Holocene out and made the comparison between the environmental evaluation records of natural sedimentary strata and the paleoflood events in the typical archaeological sites.The study of the temporal-spatial distribution of the archaeological sites shows that the 677 archaeological sites from the Paleolithic Age to the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Three Gorges reservoir of Chongqing area distributed more and more densely from west to east and from high land to low land.Most of the sites were distributed along the river and aggregated at the confluence.Obviously,the altitudes of archaeological sites in the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age are much higher than those of historical sites.The human beings of each generation would like to choose the first or the second river terraces as living sites,which are nearer to the water sources and easier to withstand floods.Our research indicates that the reason for the Zhongba Site being able to stand over five thousand years was related to the salt industry and the favorable ecologic environment.The research indicates that since 7.6 ka BP,at least 16 times of paleoflood with water level above Wusong Elevation 147.024 m (a.s.l.) left deposits in the Neolithic layers of unit T0403 from the Yuxi Site.Pollen analysis of the 148 samples and 10 AMS14C dating data from the peat core with depth of 297 cm in the Dajiuhu Basin offered good information of natural environment background during the Holocene,especially the 8.2 ka BP cold event,which might be a representative in the globe.Then,multi-proxy records were relatively stable during 6.7-4.2 ka BP,which shows the best water and thermal condition in the Holocene Optimum.Around 4.2 ka BP,the climate and environment transformed from warm and wet to cool and dry.During 3.5-0.9 ka BP,precipitation amount was low.After 0.9 ka BP,the climate turned cool and wet.According to our study,ten paleoflood layers appeared during 8.2-6.7 ka BP,eight during the Holocene Optimum (6.7-4.2 ka BP) and only two (the layer 37-1 during the West Zhou Dynasty and the layer 21 during the Warring States) during 3.5-0.9 ka BP when precipitation reduced.During the rather much precipitation period since 0.9 ka BP,three flood layers (the layer 11C-1 in the middle Song Dynasty,the layer 5-1 in the Qing Dynasty and the layer 2B-2 of 1981) existed in the Zhongba Site.The results indicate that flood frequency was the highest during 8.2-6.7 ka BP and the second high during 6.7-4.2 ka BP.This paleoflood rule in the Three Gorges reservoir area may be able to explain why the archaeological sites lacked during 7.8-5.1 ka BP in the Jianghan Plain of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. |
| Keywords: | Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River environmental evolution during the Holocene environmental archaeology paleoflood events study process |
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