| 高能洪水沉积研究综述 |
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| 引用本文： | 王昊,崔鹏,Paul A.CARLING.高能洪水沉积研究综述[J].地学前缘,2021,28(2):140-167. |
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| 作者姓名： | 王昊 崔鹏 Paul A.CARLING |
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| 作者单位： | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地表层格局与模拟中科院重点实验室,北京100101;Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金重点项目(41941017);科学技术部第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0906);国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(41520104002) |
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| 摘 要： | 第四纪巨型堰塞湖溃决产生的高能洪水是地球及其他星球上已知规模最大的陆地淡水事件。越来越多的研究证明高能洪水事件具有普遍性,广泛发育于欧亚大陆、北美洲和南美洲等地区。研究者发现不同地区高能洪水事件的沉积特征具有一定的共性,但其典型沉积序列却依然缺失。本文首先回顾了全球已报道高能洪水案例并介绍了高能洪水的定义,总结了高能洪水沉积的特征与地层层序,归纳了其典型沉积序列及其标志性特性。同时,沉积证据是高能洪水的唯一记录,本文通过沉积层序的解读以期重建单次或多次高能洪水的流量过程、水动力条件和物质输送方式。典型高能洪水沉积物多呈块状构造,席状展布,缺乏黏土和粉砂粒级,发育层合并现象、“漂浮”碎屑、内碎屑、脱水构造和同生变形构造。高能洪水典型沉积序列由下往上包括底部粗粒平行、大型斜坡沉积、水平纹层、波纹和沙垄交错层理、粉砂层和顶部泥石流沉积。该沉积序列由高浓度悬浮质的快速沉积主导,可对应于单次的水流增强与减弱;从洪水过程曲线的时间尺度理解,其代表了洪水的涨水和消落过程,其间伴随着水流的周期性强烈脉动。最后,简单介绍了我国已发现的高能洪水事件,展望了我国的高能洪水研究。
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| 关 键 词： | 高能洪水 水文特性 沉积体系 典型序列 |
| 收稿时间： | 2020-08-30 |
The sedimentology of high-energy outburst flood deposits: an overview |
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| WANG Hao,CUI Peng,Paul A.CARLING.The sedimentology of high-energy outburst flood deposits: an overview[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2021,28(2):140-167. |
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| Authors: | WANG Hao CUI Peng Paul ACARLING |
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| Institution: | 1. CAS Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China2. Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK |
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| Abstract: | Discoveries of cataclysmic glacial lake outburst floods have expanded the scale and frequency of known mass transport events on Earth and other planets. It has been realized that sedimentary deposits related to high-energy freshwater floods are widespread across continents and these deposits share some commonalities when compared carefully. However, the identification and sophisticated reconstruction of these high-energy flood events require well-conditioned stratigraphic models of depositional successions, yet such models are still lacking. Thus, the primary purpose of this paper is to examine and condense the published stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence to identify the key signatures of megaflood successions. The deposits are often the only record of a flood; therefore, the secondary purpose is to interpret the sedimentary sequences in order to reconstruct the behavior and dynamics of a single and multiple flood events. The deposits of high-energy floods are usually massive and extensive, exhibiting sedimentary structures such as amalgamation, rhythmicity, outsized clasts, intraclasts, and obstacle marks. Typical sedimentary successions of high-energy floods include basal coarse parallel-bedded units, large-scale clinoforms, horizontally bedded thin laminated units, ripple and dune cross-beds, silt beds, and debris flow deposits. Such a succession is usually dominated by high concentration suspension rain-outs, representing a single cycle of waxing and waning flood flow. Clay and silt are generally sparse or absent and are transported further down the system. At the scale of the hydrograph, the successions indicate that flows initially accelerate and then decelerate, with significantly shorter periods of flow pulses also evident in the sedimentary signatures. |
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| Keywords: | high-energy flood hydrologic characteristics sedimentological characteristics typical succession |
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