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青藏高原多期次隆升的环境效应
引用本文:葛肖虹,任收麦,马立祥,吴光大,刘永江,袁四化.青藏高原多期次隆升的环境效应[J].地学前缘,2006,13(6):118-130.
作者姓名:葛肖虹  任收麦  马立祥  吴光大  刘永江  袁四化
作者单位:1. 吉林大学,地球科学学院,吉林,长春,130061;中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京,100083
2. 国土资源部,油气资源战略研究中心,北京,100034
3. 中国地质大学(武汉)资源学院,湖北,武汉,430074
4. 中国石油,青海油田分公司,勘探开发研究院,甘肃,敦煌,736202
5. 吉林大学,地球科学学院,吉林,长春,130061
基金项目:国家自然科学基金;教育部高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金
摘    要:青藏高原隆升对中国西部环境变迁起着决定性影响。通过对柴达木、吐鲁番—哈密、塔里木盆地的演化及其与青藏高原隆升的耦合研究,以柴达木盆地为时空坐标,认为高原隆升可分为三大阶段:(1)古近纪期间青藏高原隆升仅限于冈底斯山一带。当时,受行星纬向气候带控制,中国西北地区为干旱亚热带草原和热带雨林环境,大面积准平原化、泛盆地化,在构造上处于伸展-夷平的拉张环境,与现今亚洲大陆东部相似;(2)青藏高原整体的初次隆升发生在中新世早—中期(23~11·7Ma)。因青藏高原和大兴安岭的阻隔,古近纪的纬向气候带逐渐转变为中亚季候风,古黄土(22Ma)、三趾马动物群的发育,说明高原北缘当时为干旱的荒漠草原环境。同时,这次隆升引起中—晚中新世中国西部广袤地域古地形-构造面貌的变化;(3)形成现今高原面貌的末次快速隆升发生在0·9~0·8Ma。早更新世晚期,印度洋快速扩张,印度板块向中亚大陆脉冲式(A型)陆内俯冲,使得高原快速挤压隆升。这次隆升不仅使高原本身的环境骤变,出现第四纪以来最大的冰川,形成世界上最大的高寒草原,而且引起了全球气候的变化,促使北极圈冰盖的形成。同时,高原隆升使高原内部和周边出现强烈的挤压构造变形,如柴达木、河西走廊、塔里木、吐鲁番—哈密、准噶尔等诸盆地内几万米厚度中—新生界的构造变形与昆仑山、祁连山、天山、阿尔泰山的挤出式双向推覆隆升,形成了中国西北的盆-山地貌。现今,随着青藏高原的持续隆升,高寒草原开始退化,造成中国西北地区大面积的荒漠化,成为制约我国西部生态环境的重要因素。

关 键 词:青藏高原  隆升  古近纪  中新世  早更新世末  环境变迁
文章编号:1005-2321(2006)06-0118-13
收稿时间:2005-12-30
修稿时间:2006-03-09

Multi-stage uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and their environmental effects
GE Xiao-hong,REN Shou-mai,MA Li-xiang,WU Guang-da,LIU Yong-jiang,YUAN Si-hua.Multi-stage uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and their environmental effects[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(6):118-130.
Authors:GE Xiao-hong  REN Shou-mai  MA Li-xiang  WU Guang-da  LIU Yong-jiang  YUAN Si-hua
Institution:1. College of Earth Sciences, J ilin University, Changchun 130061, China ;2. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences , Beij ing 100083, China; 3. Strategic Research Center of Oil and Gas Resources, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100034,China;4. School of Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074, China ;5. Institute of Exploration and Development, Qinghai Oil Field Sub-Company, Dunhuang 736202,China
Abstract:Environmental changes in western China can be primarily attributed to the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Studies of tectonic evolution of the Qaidam Basin, the Tu-Ha Basin, and the Tarim Basin and their response to uplift movements, suggest that the rising of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau can be subdivided into three stages.Firstly, the plateau only existed along the Gongdese Mountains during the Paleogene, while western China was subsequently located in the latitude-direction climatic belts, most of which experienced peneplain conditions with extensive lacustrine and pan-basin deposits because of extension in the hinterland, similar to the present tectonic conditions of the East Asian Continent.Secondly, the initial uplift of the plateau occurred in the Early to Middle Miocene (~23-11.7 Ma), which formed the framework of the topography and structure of western China.Due to the presence of the newly uplifted plateau and the Great Hinggan Mountains, the Paleogene climate of Central Asia changed to the monsoon belts.The paleo-loess was formed at about 22 Ma and the Hipparion fauna appeared in this period, and a desertification environment existed in the northern part of the plateau.Finally, the latest strong uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent mountains occurred at the end of the Early Pleistocene (0.9-0.8 Ma).This resulted from A-type intra-continental subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Asian continent, representing the last phase of the Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic compressional tectonics.This uplift not only led to profound climatic changes in the plateau, which resulted in the most extensive glaciation and the widest cold prairie grassland in the Quaternary, but also to a global climate change, that may have influenced the glacial cover in the Arctic Circle.Meanwhile, because of this plateau uplift dynamics, the basin-mountain topography of western China was formed with the strongest tectonic deformation in the inner plateau and adjacent regions, including the deformation of the Qaidam Basin, the Hexi Corridor, and the two-way extrusion of the Kunlun Mountains, the Qilian Mountains, the Tianshan and Altai Mountains.Present day, uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has caused the high and cold grassland to disappear and the large scale desertification of western China.
Keywords:Qinghai-Tibet Plateau  uplift  Paleogene  Miocene  the end of the Early Pleistocene  environmental changes
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