Controls on chemistry during fracture-hosted flow of cold CO2-bearing mineral waters,Daylesford, Victoria,Australia: Implications for resource protection |
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| Institution: | 1. Tokai University, School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Volcanology and Geochemistry, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1211, Japan;2. Institute for Geological and Mining Research (IRGM), Yaoundé, Cameroon;3. Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Polígono Industrial de Granadilla, s/n, 38600 Granadilla de Abona, Spain;4. Basic Systems in Hydrology Division, World Meteorological Organization, 7 bis, Avenue de la Paix, Case postale 2300, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland;5. Congo-HYCOS/FFEM program (CICOS), Building Kilou, 24 Av. Wagenia, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of Congo;6. University of Toyama, Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Gofuku 3190, Toyama-shi 930-8555, Japan;7. Yoshida Consulting Engineer Office, Morioka, Iwate-ken 020 021, Japan;1. Center for Integrated Research and Education of Natural Hazards, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan;2. Institute of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan;3. Geochemical Research Center, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;4. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;5. Environmental Research Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), 38611 Granadilla de Abona, Tenerife, Spain;6. Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), Antiguo Hotel Taoro, Parque Taoro, 22, 38400 Puerto de La Cruz, Tenerife, Spain;7. Izu Peninsula Geopark Promotion Council, Ito, Shizuoka 414-8555, Japan;8. Faculty of Education, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan;1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 22–90123 Palermo, Italy;2. Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France;3. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;1. Université Savoie Mont Blanc, ISTerre, F-73376 Le Bourget du Lac, France;2. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Via D. Creti 12, 40128 Bologna, Italy;3. The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates;4. IRD, ISTerre, F-73376 Le Bourget du Lac, France;5. CNRS, ISTerre, F-73376 Le Bourget du Lac, France |
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| Abstract: | Mineral springs from Daylesford, Australia discharge at ambient temperatures, have high CO2 contents, and effervesce naturally. Mineral waters have high HCO3 and Na concentrations (up to 4110 and 750 mg/L, respectively) and CO2 concentrations of 620–2520 mg/L. Calcium and Mg concentrations are 61–250 and 44–215 mg/L, respectively, and Si, Sr, Ba, and Li are the most abundant minor and trace elements. The high PCO2 of these waters promotes mineral dissolution, while maintaining low pH values, and geochemical modelling indicates that the CO2-rich mineral water must have interacted with both sediments and basalts. Amorphous silica concentrations and silica geothermometry indicate that these waters are unlikely to have been heated above ambient temperatures and therefore reflect shallow circulation on the order of several hundreds of metres. Variations in minor and trace element composition from closely adjacent spring discharges indicate that groundwater flows within relatively isolated fracture networks. The chemical consistency of individual spring discharges over at least 20 a indicates that flow within these fracture networks has remained isolated over long periods. The mineral water resource is at risk from mixing with potentially contaminated surface water and shallow groundwater in the discharge areas. Increased δ2H values and Cl concentrations, and lower Na concentrations indicate those springs that are most at risk from surface contamination and overpumping. Elevated NO3 concentrations in a few springs indicate that these springs have already been contaminated during discharge. |
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