Sources of pollution and distribution of Pb,Cd and Hg in Wroc?aw soils: Insight from chemical and Pb isotope composition |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Wroc?aw, Institute of Geological Sciences, Cybulskiego 30, 50-205, Wroc?aw, Poland;2. Wroc?aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Soil Sciences and Environmental Protection, CK Norwida 25/27, 50-375, Wroc?aw, Poland;3. Charles University, Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic;1. Institute of Archaeology, University of Wroc?aw, Poland;2. Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Wroc?aw, Poland;1. GeoConnect, Meester Dekkerstraat 4, 1901 PV Castricum, The Netherlands;2. Deltares, Soil and Groundwater Systems/Geological Survey of The Netherlands, P.O. Box 85467, 3508 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands;3. Rikilt Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands;4. Rijksdienst voor Archeologie, Cultuurlandschap en Monumenten, P.O. Box 1600, 3800 BP Amersfoort, The Netherlands;5. BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude-Guillemin, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France;6. University Utrecht, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences – Geochemistry, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands;7. VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Petrology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;1. Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;2. Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Eschikon 33, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland;3. Swiss Soil Monitoring Network (NABO), Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland;4. Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK;5. Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;1. Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur (NIT Durgapur), Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India;2. Environmental Management Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Digwadih Campus), CFRI, Dhanbad 828108, Jharkhand, India;3. Environmental Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India;4. Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Science (Siksha-Bhavana), Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India |
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| Abstract: | Human activities in cities affect properties of urban soils. In particular, urban soils often contain high contents of harmful metals even in deeper horizons added to them from diverse sources over centuries of the city development. This is reflected in complex distribution of metals in bulk soils with depth and the complex metal fractionation, but the exact sources of the metals are difficult to identify. This is also the situation in soils from Wroclaw, one of the largest cities in Poland. Potentially harmful elements Pb, Cd and Hg were examined in six profiles located along the major communication route and compared to two non-urban soils profiles located close to the same route. In all of the urban profiles, Pb and Cd exceeded the element contents observed in non-urban profiles and showed an erratic distribution compared to the more predictable one in non-urban soils. The differences between urban and non-urban profiles were explained as the result of contamination coming from more pollution sources in the case of urban soils, the conclusion supported by Pb isotope analyses. In fact, Pb isotopes showed that the contamination sources in urban soils included leaded petrol, coal combustion, smelting and possibly old pre-industrial ore processing, whereas leaded petrol and pre-industrial lead were the only possible anthropogenic sources in non-urban soils. The comparison of Wrocöaw soils with those from cities of comparable size Kraków and Poznań show similar ranges of metal contents with implication that urban pollution oversteps diverse geogenic chemical background. On the other hand, the comparison with other European cities show large variability in metal contents and suggest that urban soils contamination is time integrated and reflects long-term industrial evolution of each country. |
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| Keywords: | Soil pollution sources Pb isotopes Cd Hg Wroc?aw Poland |
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