The Upper Miocene Injana (Upper Fars) Formation of Iraq: insights on provenance history |
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| Authors: | Ali Ismail Abdulla Al-Juboury |
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| Institution: | (1) Research Center for Dams & Water Resources, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq |
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| Abstract: | Petrographic, geochemical, and scanning electron microscope analyses of the sandstone and mudstone units of the Upper Miocene
Injana Formation are presented. Furthermore, microprobe analysis for amphiboles, pyroxenes, garnet, and chromian spinels as
common heavy mineral species present is done to support other results for better understanding of the provenance history of
the Injana Formation. The sandstones of the Injana Formation consist of terrigenous carbonate lithic fragments as common type
of sedimentary rock fragments in addition to chert, argillaceous, and rare sandstone fragments. They also include metamorphic
and igneous lithic fragments, quartz, feldspars, and mica and generally, the sandstones are lithic arenites and immature.
Scanning electron microscopic analysis for the heavy minerals shows that they have been affected by dissolution due to chemical
etching and mechanical abrasion through several surface texture generated either in arid and semihumid environment or in diagenetic
environment. Clay mineralogy of the mudstone units indicates the presence of illite, chlorite, kaolinite, palygorskite, and
illite–smectite mixed layers. Bulk-rock and mineral phase geochemistry in addition to petrographic data suggest the derivation
of the Injana Formation from a nearby sources with contribution from igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary provenance mainly
from the high lands in the northeastern parts of Iraq which comprise mainly the Zagros mountains and the older sedimentary
formations. |
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