The bituminous mixtures of Kavu?an Höyük (SE Turkey) from the end of the 3rd millennium (2000 BC) to the Medieval period (AD 14th century): Composition and origin |
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| Institution: | 1. Laboratoire de Biogéochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7177, Institut de Chimie, Université Louis Pasteur, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France;2. Ege Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü, Bornova, 35040 Izmir, Turkey;3. Dicle Üniversitesi, Mühendislik-Mimarlik Fakültesi, Maden Mühendisli?i Bölümü, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey;4. GeoMark Research Ltd., 9748 Whithorn, Houston, TX 77095, USA;1. Departamento de Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;2. Dpto. de Geografía, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;3. Servei d''Arqueología, Institut d''Estudis Ilerdencs, Pl. Catedral, s/n, 25002 Lleida, Spain;4. Dpto. de Ciencias de la Antigüedad, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;5. Laboratorio de Geoarqueología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán-CONICET, España 2903, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina;1. Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Ciências, Dep. de Biologia, Edifício FC4, Sala 1.A, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;2. Câmara Municipal de Pena?el, Travessa Município, 4564-002 Penafiel, Portugal;1. Study Group for the Prehistory of NW Iberia-GEPN (GI-1534), Department of History I, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain;2. InBio – Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (Associated Laboratory), CIBIO – Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal;3. Landscape, Heritage and Territory Laboratory (Lab2PT), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal;4. Department of History, Social Sciences Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal;5. CESGA – Centro de Supercomputación de Galicia, Spain;6. Zeta Arqueoloxía S.L, Spain;1. Università del Salento, Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Lecce, Italy;2. Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Bari, Italy;3. Polytechnic University of Tirana, Department of Earth Sciences, Tirana, Albania;4. Soprintendenza Archeologia della Puglia, Centro Operativo per l’Archeologia della Daunia, Foggia, Italy;1. University of California Santa Barbara, 552 University Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA;2. Laboratoire de Biogéochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7177, Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France;3. California State University Los Angeles, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA;4. GeoMark Research Ltd., 9748 Whithorn, Houston, TX 77095, USA;5. School of Geology & Geophysics, The University of Oklahoma, 100 East Boyd Street, Norman, OK 73019-1009, USA;1. CNRS-UMR 5133, Maison de l’Orient et la Méditerranée, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France;2. ArcheoSciences, Research Group, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon |
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| Abstract: | Bituminous mixtures were observed on potsherds at Kavu?an Höyük, one of the rescue excavations along the Upper Tigris River in southeastern Turkey. Analysis of 26 samples from six periods spanning from the end of the 3rd millennium BC to the Medieval period (AD 14th century), has shown that bituminous mixtures possess the classical gross composition of most bitumen-bearing mixtures analysed in many archaeological sites of the Near East and the Gulf of Arabia. To search for the geological sources of bitumen, oil seeps, oil stained rocks and crude oils from Turkey and Northern Iraq were analysed as reference using the same geochemical tools: biomarkers and stable isotope composition. The principal conclusion is that the bitumen has been imported from the Eruh outcrop, 120 km east of Kavu?an Höyük. Additionally, the bitumen from Eruh was imported to Kavu?an over a long time period, from the end of the 3rd millennium BC to the AD 14th century. |
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