A golden age for ectoparasitoids of Embiodea: Cretaceous Sclerogibbidae (Hymenoptera,Chrysidoidea) from Kachin (Myanmar), Charentes (France) and Choshi (Japan) ambers |
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| Institution: | 1. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, B. Khmelnitskogo 15, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine;2. Tropical Entomology Research Center, Via De Gasperi 10, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy;3. Friedhofstraße 9, 66894 Käshofen, Germany;1. Univ. Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000, Rennes, France;2. Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National D''Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 50, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France;1. Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas (LBCA), Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil;2. Universidade Federal do Parana, Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratorio de Biologia Comparada de Hymenoptera, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil;1. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, B. Khmelnitskogo 15, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine;2. School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, 276826, China;3. Tropical Entomology Research Center, Via De Gasperi 10, I-01100, Viterbo, Italy;4. Friedhofstraße 9, 66894, Käshofen, Germany;5. Borissiak Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 123, Moscow, 117997, Russia;1. A.A. Borissiak Palaeontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117647, Russia;2. Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK;3. Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia;4. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;5. School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China |
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| Abstract: | Sclerogibbid wasps are obligate parasitoids of webspinners (Embiodea). Both groups have a particularly scarce geological record and are known since the Cretaceous: there are only four species of webspinners known from Burmese amber, and only two sclerogibbids were described from Barremian Lebanese and Cenomanian Burmese ambers. Here we report transferred genus from Aptian Choshi (Japan) amber and new sclerogibbids from Cenomanian Burmese and Charentese (France) ambers. The taxa described from Burmese amber are: Burmasclerogibba aptera gen. et sp. nov., Cretosclerogibba gen. nov. (with C. antennalis sp. nov., C. contractocollis sp. nov., C. neli sp. nov. and C. rasnitsyni sp. nov.) and Edrossia vetusta gen. et sp. nov. The first European fossil sclerogibbid Gallosclerogibba alnensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from Charentese amber. The holotype of Chosia yamadai Fujiyama, from Choshi amber, is re-described; it appears to be the oldest Laurasian sclerogibbid. The significant abundance and variety of Burmese sclerogibbid wasps (60% of fossil species known worldwide), as proxy of their hosts, were probably caused by the protection granted to them by the silk webs and possibly by the limited predation from ornithuromorph birds or crown-group ants. While all three extant sclerogibbid genera have apterous females, genera with winged females (Cretosclerogibba and Edrossia) dominated in Burmese amber. Small silk galleries from hosts may have favored the preservation of wings in females of Cretaceous sclerogibbids. Most new species described in the present paper, in addition to C. yamadai, are characterized by a very slender neck and a very long frontal process concealing the antennal toruli. These characters disappeared in extant species. We suggest that this loss was caused by a change in the fauna of predators, penalizing species with long neck and rostrum. |
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