Charcoal analysis and Holocene vegetation history in southern Syria |
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| Institution: | 1. Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Oceanología, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;2. Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil;3. Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos, Ministério de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca, Constituyente 1497, Montevideo, Uruguay;4. Universidad de la Republica, Centro Universitario Regional Este-CURE-Sede Maldonado, Uruguay;5. Área Biodiversidad y Conservación, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo, Uruguay |
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| Abstract: | Charcoal analysis of three archaeological sites in southern Syria in the vicinity of the Jebel al Arab (formerly Jebel Druze) indicates that during the Early Bronze Age an association consisting predominately of Pistacia, deciduous oak and almond was exploited. During the Middle Bronze Age these taxa diminish and are partially replaced by more steppic species or introduced wood such as olive. During the Roman period evergreen oak appeared in the region and gradually replaced the deciduous oak which is now restricted to a small area. The gradual replacement of deciduous oaks by evergreen oaks has been observed in other areas of the Mediterranean basin during the Holocene. Conifer charcoal such as pine and cedar is present on the sites, but it is not clear whether these were local or imported from farther away, for example, the Lebanese highlands. During the Middle Bronze Age olive wood was also used as combustible but here also its exact origin is not known. |
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