| 上山遗址区沉积过程与人类活动的关系 |
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| 引用本文： | 王凤,曾蒙秀,朱丽东,朱诚,尹敬文,杨欢.上山遗址区沉积过程与人类活动的关系[J].沉积学报,2021,39(3):723-738. |
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| 作者姓名： | 王凤 曾蒙秀 朱丽东 朱诚 尹敬文 杨欢 |
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| 作者单位： | 1.浙江师范大学地理与环境科学学院，浙江 金华 321004 |
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| 基金项目： | 浙江省自然科学基金LQ18D020002国家自然科学基金41971111, 41572345 |
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| 摘 要： | 上山遗址是上山文化（11~8.5 ka）的代表性遗址，位于钱塘江上游浦阳江北岸的二级阶地上，是迄今长江下游地区发现的最早的新石器时代遗址，也是研究稻作农业起源的重要遗址。近年来，国内外学者对上山遗址进行了大量的研究，主要集中于遗址的文化面貌、出土遗存等方面，对全新世早期人地关系演化、上山文化产生的环境背景研究相对薄弱。通过选取上山遗址区沉积剖面（SSYZ）以及探方（SSS）的沉积物样品进行粒度、磁化率、土壤有机碳、孢粉和炭屑分析，结合考古发掘资料及区域气候环境背景，探讨了遗址区沉积过程、古环境条件及其与人类活动的关系。结果表明:1）上山遗址区在晚更新世以来（130 ka~近现代）经历了河漫滩（202~142 cm）、粉尘堆积（142~72 cm）、考古文化层（72~24 cm）和现代耕作（24~0 cm）4个沉积阶段；2）粉尘堆积是上山遗址区沉积演化的转折阶段。这一阶段气候环境偏干，粉尘堆积于河流的二级阶地之上使地势不断增高，并逐步脱离洪水的影响。以粉砂为主的物质组成，也为早期稻作农业的孕育奠定了母质基础；3）SSYZ剖面磁化率自下而上增高，其中低频、频率磁化率在文化层达到剖面峰值，并且与探方文化层磁化率变化趋势一致，反映了人类活动对磁化率值的影响；4）130~11 ka，孢粉和炭屑的总浓度先增加后减少，乔灌木花粉的百分比含量较高且呈减少的趋势，陆生草本花粉百分比含量呈增加趋势，反映研究区气候环境整体较好，但经历了较大的波动并呈恶化趋势，植被覆盖度较高但呈减小的趋势，与末次间冰期—冰期气候条件较为吻合。全新世以来水热条件好转，植物资源丰富，乔灌木、松科和湿生草本的花粉增加，陆生草本花粉减少但禾本科花粉明显增加，并且土壤有机碳含量增加，土壤肥力增强，加上近河的地理位置便于先民获取灌溉水源及石器原料，遗址区环境适合人类活动，最终孕育了中国早期的稻作农业文化—上山文化。在文化层中以松科为主的乔灌木植物花粉含量呈减少趋势，而以禾本科为主的陆生草本以及湿生草本的花粉含量呈增加趋势，可能是由于先人住房等生产、生活活动中需要砍伐森林，及人类活动强度的增强使增加了对植物资源的利用。
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| 关 键 词： | 粒度 沉积演变 人类活动 上山遗址 孢粉分析 |
| 收稿时间： | 2020-03-16 |
The Relationship between Sedimentary Evolution and Human Activities in and Around the Shangshan Site,Zhejiang Province,Southeastern China |
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| WANG Feng,ZENG MengXiu,ZHU LiDong,ZHU Cheng,YIN JingWen,YANG Huan.The Relationship between Sedimentary Evolution and Human Activities in and Around the Shangshan Site,Zhejiang Province,Southeastern China[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2021,39(3):723-738. |
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| Authors: | WANG Feng ZENG MengXiu ZHU LiDong ZHU Cheng YIN JingWen YANG Huan |
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| Institution: | 1.College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China2.School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China |
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| Abstract: | The Shangshan Site， a representative archaeological site of the Shangshan Culture （11.5~8.5 ka）， is located on the northern bank and the second terrace of the Puyang River in the upper reaches of the Qiantang River. It is the earliest Neolithic Site ever found in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The carbonized pottery and rice remains explored at the Shangshan site reveal the important position of rice farming during the early and middle period of the Shangshan Culture， as well as the origin of rice farming in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River， and even eastern China. Recently， many studies have been conducted on the Shangshan Site， mainly focusing on the cultural features of the site， unearthed remains， and other research perspectives. However， there is currently a lack of a systematic study on how the environmental background duration impacts the evolution of the Shangshan Culture. Based on the measurement of grain size， magnetic susceptibility （MS）， soil total organic carbon （TOC）， and sporopollen and charcoal analysis in samples taken from the SSYZ section and the ash pit in the exploration area， in combination with the archaeological materials and regional climate background， this paper aims to investigate the variation of sedimentary environment in and around the Shangshan Site and study the environmental background in the human-land relationship evolution history for prehistoric times in Zhejiang province. The results indicated that: （1） Since the Late Pleistocene （130 ka ~ modern）， regions in and around the Shangshan Site experienced four sedimentary evolution stages， including flood plain （202~142 cm）， dust accumulation （142~72 cm）， archaeological cultural layer （72~24 cm）， and modern farming （24~0 cm）. （2） Times when dust accumulation was the turning stage of sedimentary evolution in and around the Shangshan Site. During this stage， the climate and environment were dry， and dust accumulated on the second terrace of the river， which resulted in terrain rise and eventually free from the influence of floods. Additionally， the material composition， mainly composed of silt， laid the parent material foundation for early rice agriculture. （3） The MS of the SSYZ section increased from the bottom to the top， and the low-frequency and high-frequency magnetic susceptibility reached their peak for this section in the cultural layer. It was consistent with the variation trend of MS from the excavation cultural layer in the ash pit of the exploration area， reflecting the influence of human activities on the MS and the existence of cultural layer of the Shangshan Culture. （4） During 130~11 ka B.P.， the concentration of sporopollen and charcoal increased and then decreased， the pollen percentage of trees and shrubs decreased， while the upland herbs slightly increased， and the pollen percentage of wetland herbs increased significantly， suggesting that the overall background of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment in and around the Shangshan site was favorable， but experienced greater fluctuations and experienced a deteriorating trend， and the vegetation coverage was higher but showed a decreasing trend. Furthermore， the impact of water from river or other water area increased， which could add support for the subsequent human activities. The temperature rose， the water and heat conditions improved， the plant resources were richer， the content of TOC in soil gradually increased， and the soil fertility also improved during the Holocene， which were all conducive to the existence and development of human activities. The geographical location near the river was beneficial to the ancestors of the Shangshan Culture， allowing them to obtain irrigation water and stone materials. The natural environment of the Shangshan Site was suitable for human living， and ultimately gave birth to the earliest Chinese rice-farming agricultural culture. The reduction of trees and shrubs and the increased population of upland and wetland herbs could be the result of the utilization of plant resources and other types of human activities. |
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