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长白山火山活动历史、岩浆演化与喷发机制探讨
引用本文:樊祺诚,隋建立,王团华,李霓,孙谦.长白山火山活动历史、岩浆演化与喷发机制探讨[J].高校地质学报,2007,13(2):175-190.
作者姓名:樊祺诚  隋建立  王团华  李霓  孙谦
作者单位:1.中国地震局 地质研究所,北京 100029;2.中国科学院 地质与地球物理研究所,北京 100029
基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(40372044)
摘    要:广义的长白山火山在我国境内包括著名的天池火山、望天鹅火山、图们江火山和龙岗火山,是我国最大的第四纪火山岩分布区。图们江火山和望天鹅火山活动都始于上新世,喷发活动分别介于上新世—中更新世(5.5~0.19 Ma)和上新世—早更新世(4.77 ~2.12 Ma)。天池火山和龙岗火山属于第四纪火山,喷发活动从早更新世(~2 Ma)持续到全新世。图们江火山岩为溢流式喷发的拉斑玄武岩,望天鹅火山、天池火山和龙岗火山母岩浆都是钾质粗面玄武岩,但经历了不同的演化过程。天池火山和望天鹅火山都经历了钾质粗面玄武岩造盾、粗面岩造锥和晚期碱性酸性岩浆(碱流岩和碱性流纹岩)的喷发;龙岗火山来自地幔的钾质粗面玄武岩浆则未经演化和混染直接喷出地表。图们江火山岩以溢流式喷发的拉斑玄武岩为主,少量玄武质粗安岩等。天池火山造盾之后,地壳岩浆房和地幔岩浆房具互动式喷发特点,来自地幔的钾质粗面玄武岩浆一方面在天池火山锥体内外形成诸多小火山渣锥,另一方面持续补给地壳岩浆房发生岩浆分离结晶作用和混合作用,分别导致双峰式火山岩分布特征和触发千年大喷发。火山岩微量元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素示踪揭示,长白山东(图们江火山、望天鹅火山和天池火山)、西(龙岗火山)两区显示地幔非均一性,东区岩浆源区具有软流圈地幔与富集岩石圈地幔混合特征,西区岩浆源区具有相对亏损的较原始地幔特征。西太平洋板块俯冲—东北亚大陆弧后引张是长白山火山活动的动力学机制。

关 键 词:火山活动历史  岩浆演化  喷发机制  钾质粗面玄武岩  长白山火山
文章编号:1006-7493(2007)02-0175-16
修稿时间:2007-02-032007-03-06

History of Volcanic Activity, Magma Evolution and Eruptive Mechanisms of the Changbai Volcanic Province
FAN Qi-cheng,SUI Jian-li,WANG Tuan-hua,LI Ni,SUN Qian.History of Volcanic Activity, Magma Evolution and Eruptive Mechanisms of the Changbai Volcanic Province[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2007,13(2):175-190.
Authors:FAN Qi-cheng  SUI Jian-li  WANG Tuan-hua  LI Ni  SUN Qian
Institution:1. Institute of Geology, China Seismological Bureau, Beijing 100029, China;2. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Abstract:Volcanic rocks cover large area of the Changbai Mountain Range, Northeast China. As the largest Quaternary volcanic province in China, the Changbaishan volcanic province can be divided into four parts, including the Tianchi volcanic province (TVP), the Wangtian,e volcanic province (WVP), the Longang volcanic provicne (LVP) and the Tumen River volcanic province (TRVP). Volcanic activity in TRVP and WVP began in Pliocene, dominated in Pliocene-Mid-Pleistocene (5.5 ~0.19 Ma) and Pliocene-Early-Pleistocene (4.77 ~2.12 Ma), respectively. TVP and LVP activated in Quaternary, from Early-Pleistocene to Holocene. The volcanic activities and products in these four volcanic provinces are different. In TRPV, it is tholeiite from flood eruption; while in TVP, WVP and LVP, the volcanic eruptions formed lava shields of potassic trachybasalt in the early stage, and then different magma evolution paths occurred. In TVP and WVP, potassic trachyebasalt emplaced into the crustal chamber, stored and experienced strong fractional crystallization. The evolved magma was mainly alkaline rhyolitic and pantelleritic, highly enriched in silicon, alkalies and volatiles. Its eruptions formed two huge stratovolcanoes. Activity of the potassic trachybasalt beneath the TVP controlled two kinds of eruptions: the millennium eruption of Tiachi Volcano, which was triggered by refluxing of the mantle trachybasalt magma to the crustal chamber and subsequent magma mixing; and the centric eruption of the potassic trachybasalt, which formed the big cone of Tianchi Volcano and many other small cones in the vicinity. In the LVP, on the lava shield occurred over 160 volcanic cones, The rock type of these eruptions was unique potassic trachybasalt. Geochemical data of trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes indicate that the mantle sources were mixtures of asthenosphere and enriched lithospheric mantle. As to the LVP, the volcanics were dominated by depleted mantle of asthenosphere, and with less entertainment of enriched lithosphere. After the late Pliocene, geodynamics of the Changbai Mountain Range was controlled by the subduction of the western Pacific Plate and the extension of the Northeastern Asian back arc. In this special active continental margin, large scale of potassic trachybasalt activity occurred again.
Keywords:history of volcanic activity  magma evolution  eruptive mechanism  potassic trachybasalt  Changbai Volcanic Province
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