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| 辽宁海城小孤山新石器时代人类头骨研究 | |
| 引用本文： | 吴秀杰,Fu Ren-yi,傅仁义,黄慰文.辽宁海城小孤山新石器时代人类头骨研究[J].第四纪研究,2008,28(6):1081-1089. |
| 作者姓名： | 吴秀杰 Fu Ren-yi 傅仁义 黄慰文 |
| 作者单位： | 1. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京,100044;中国科学院人类演化与环境动因实验室,北京,100044 2. 辽宁省博物馆,沈阳,110031 3. 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京,100044 |
| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金项目(批准号:40772018)冲国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目，国家重点基础研究发展规划项目 |
| 摘 要： | 辽宁海城小孤山遗址是我国北方地区重要的更新世末期-全新世人类遗址,记载着从更新世末期到全新世人类的体质及文化特征的演化历史。对1983年在此遗址发现的距今约5000年左右的、新石器时代晚期的人类头骨进行了研究,该头骨是迄今在辽宁地区发现的惟一较为完整的新石器人类遗骸,为探索早期人类体质特征的变异提供了重要的研究材料。研究显示,小孤山人类遗骸为30岁左右的男性个体。通过与更新世晚期、新石器时代及青铜铁器时代人类头骨的比较,发现小孤山人具有蒙古人种的形态特点,大部分特征与现代人相同,少数特征如颅长和颅容量,位于现代人变异范围的上限,而与更新世晚期人类接近。小孤山人非常低矮的上面部和鼻部,使其具有独特的头骨形态特点而差异于其他全新世头骨。15组头骨样本的主成分分析结果显示,新石器时代人类体质特征的变异非常大,难以将小孤山人的体质类型归入南方或北方类型,提示有必要对我国古代人类体质特征的分型问题作进一步探讨。 |
| 关 键 词： | 小孤山遗址 人类头骨 新石器时代 体质特征 |
| 收稿时间： | 2008-07-08 |
| 修稿时间： | 2008-08-15 |
THE NEOLITHIC HUMAN SKULL FROM XIAOGUSHAN,HAICHENG,LIAONING |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044; 2. Laboratory of Human Evolution and Environmental Dynamics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044; 2. Liaoning Provincial Museum, Shenyang 110031 |
| Abstract: | Xiaogushan,from Haicheng,Liaoning Province,is one of the most important Late Pleistocene-Holocene sites in Northern China.Xiaogushan represents a continuous cultural record from the Paleolithic to Neolithic.Here,we present an analysis of the human skull which was excavated from the Late Pleistocene deposit in 1983.AMS 14 Cdating on the human skeleton sample suggests that the age of the skull is estimated to be about 5000aB.P.,assigned to the Late Neolithic.This specimen represents the only relatively complete Neolithic human skull currently identified in Liaoning Province;thus,it is important materials for the analysis of Holocene human craniofacial variation in the region.The Xiaogushan skull is deposited at the Liaoning Provincial Museum.Adult male skulls from the following 14 sites dated as Late Paleolithic,Neolithic,and Bronze Age are used for comparative study: Liujiang(Late Paleolithic Age from Liujiang,Guangxi),Upper cave 101(Late Paleolithic Age from Zhoukoudian,Beijing),Shigu(Early Neolithic Age from Changge,Henan),Zhenpiyan(7500～9000aB.P.from Guilin,Guangxi),Hemudu(7000aB.P.from Yutao,Zhejiang),Liuzizhen(5700～7100aB.P.from Huaxian,Shaanxi),Jiangjialiang(5700～7100aB.P.from Yangyuan,Hebei),Xixiahou(4300～6500aB.P.from Qupu,Shandong),Miaozigou(5000～5500aB.P.from Chayouqianqi,Inner Mongolia),Yuchisi(4500～4800aB.P.from Mengcheng,Anhui),Zaimao(4100～4800aB.P.from Shenmu,Shaanxi),Liuwan(4000～4500aB.P.from Yuedu,Qinghai),Pinganbao(Bronze Age from Zhangwu,Liaoning)and Guanmashan(Bronze Age from Jiutai,Jilin).15 linear measures and 7 indices were taken for the analysis.The fifteen measurements are cranial length,cranial breadth,auricular height,minimum frontal breadth,upper facial height,bizygomatic breadth,frontal chord,parietal chord,occipital chord,orbital height,orbital breadth,nasal breadth,nasal height,palatal breadth and palatal length.The seven indices are cranial index,length-auricular height index,breadth-auricular height index,upper facial index,orbital index,nasal index,and palatal index.The skull of the Xiaogushan is rather complete,although it lacks most of the basicranium.The cranial capacity is about 1542cm 3,which is within the range of Late Homo sapiens and much beyond the mean of modern humans.The morphological observation shows that the Xiaogushan human remains belong to a young male,about 30 years old.The Xiaogushan skull is long and wide with an ovoid form in superior view.Most of the morphological features are commonly present in modern Chinese peoples,including a broad flat face,a low nasion height,a narrow nose,a high orbit,a weak anterior nasal spine,a small canine fossa,an absent sagittal keeling,and a strong post-orbital constriction.A few features,for instance,cranial length and endocranial capacity,are close to Late Homo sapiens and much higher than the means of modern humans.Two unique cranial characters,including a very low upper face and a short nose appear in Xiaogushan,but not normally present in other Holocene groups.Three principal component analyses(PCA)were performed to look at the interactions among variables.With all fifteen linear variables,Xiaogushan clusters with Liujiang,and separates from other specimens based on the low upper face and a short nose.In the eleven-variable PCA,Xiaogushan clusters with Zhenpiyan,Yuchisi,and Xixiahou,all of which have the median of cranial breadth,Bizygomatic breadth,auricular height,and occipital chord length.With 7 indices,Xiaogushan is close to Liuzizhen and Zaimao based on the median of cranial length-auricular height,orbital,cranial breadth-auricular height,and palatal indices.The PCA is associated with the variables.When the variables change,the component matrix and the total variance loadings change too.The PCA that included fifteen cranial samples from different areas indicate that the craniofacial variation in Neolithic humans is very high.Due to the variation present in the Xiaogushan skull,it is difficult to assign the specimen to either the southern type or the northern type.We recommend that more detailed analyses be conducted on ancient Chinese human crania. |
| Keywords: | Xiaogushan site human skull Neolithic age physical characteristics |
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