Wild Barley, Hordeum spontaneum, a Genetic Resource for Crop Improvement in Cold and Arid Regions |
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| Authors: | Guoxiong Chen Chao Li Yulan Shi and Eviatar Nevo |
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| Institution: | Ecology and Agriculture Department, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, China.;Ecology and Agriculture Department, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, China.;Ecology and Agriculture Department, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, China.;Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel |
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| Abstract: | Food security in cold and arid regions in the world is threatened by stressful and unpredictable environments. The sustainable and economically viable solution for increasing stability of food productivity in cold and arid regions is genetic improvement of crops towards high resistance to abiotic stresses, mainly cold and drought resistance. It is often emphasized that crop genetic improvement lies in exploiting the gene pools of the wild relatives of the crop plant. Wild barley, H. spontaneum, the progenitor of cultivated barley, is a selfing annual grass of predominantly Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian distribution that penetrates into desert environments where it maintains stable populations. Wild barley is also found in cold regions, such as in Tibet. The adaptation of wild barley to the arid region in Israel and Jordan, and the cold region in Tibet has accumulated rich genetic diversities for drought, salt, and cold resistances in wild barley, which is the genetic resource for barley and other crop improvement in arid and cold regions. These genetic diversities are revealed by allozymes, DNA-based molecular markers, and morphological and physiological traits of wild barley plants. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to drought resistance were identified in wild barley via the QTL mapping approach. Drought resistance genes such as dehydrins, hsdr4, and eibi1 were identified in wild barley based on the candidate gene approach, gene differential expression approach, and molecular genetic approach, respectively. Genetics and genomics of wild barley cold resistance have not been exploited yet, remaining a huge treasure for future crop improvement of cold resistance. Advanced backcross QTL analysis, the introgression libraries based on wild barley as donors, a QTL approach based on wide crosses using wild barley, and positional cloning of natural QTLs will play prevailing roles to help us understand the molecular control of cold and drought tolerance. Integration of QTL information into a breeding pipeline aimed at improving tolerance to cold and drought will be achieved within a multidisciplinary context. |
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| Keywords: | crop improvement drought resistance gene Hordeum spontaneum low temperature QTL |
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