STRATIFIED MARINE LAKES OF PALAU (WESTERN CAROLINE ISLANDS) |
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| Authors: | William M Hamner Peggy P Hamner |
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| Institution: | Department of Organismic Biology, Ecology, and Evolution , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095–1606 e-mail: hamner@biology.ucla.edu |
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| Abstract: | The physical geography of the limestone islands of Palau permits permanent water-column stratification in 13 tropical sea-level marine lakes, each with unique water-column physics, chemistry, and biology. Embayments and lagoons amid the coral became isolated as marine lakes after Miocene uplifting. Surface mixing of lake water by wind is reduced by jungle-covered karst ridges. Surface tidal exchange through fissures in fenestrated karst is slow while midwater exchange through submarine tunnels is fast, but both produce damped, delayed tides with modest seawater exchange from the barrier-reef lagoon. Topographic protection from wind, heavy regular rain throughout the year, with precipitation exceeding evaporation, and modest tidal exchange produce stratified water columns with brackish waters above permanently anoxic saline hypolimnia. Permanent lake stratification is documented for 18 years; sediment cores (by others) show stratification for >100 years, and recent constant sea level implies ecosystem stability for thousands of years. Therefore, the marine lakes in Palau are small, closed, simple ecosystems that do not change over time–steady-state chemostats permitting replicate field measurements of biological and physical attributes from day to day, month to month, or decade to decade. Key words: Palau, meromictic, marine lake, karst, lake stratification, tides, model ecosystem.] |
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| Keywords: | Persistent Positive Temperature Anomaly (PPTA) heatwave United States climatology |
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