| 试论中国荒漠区人工绿洲生态系统的形成演变和可持续发展 |
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| 引用本文： | 樊自立,马英杰,艾力西尔·库尔班,沈玉玲.试论中国荒漠区人工绿洲生态系统的形成演变和可持续发展[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(1):10-16. |
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| 作者姓名： | 樊自立 马英杰 艾力西尔·库尔班 沈玉玲 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国科学院,新疆生态与地理研究所,新疆,乌鲁木齐,830011 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家重点科技规划项目(G19990435 02，G19990435 02 09)资助 |
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| 摘 要： | 绿洲是干旱区特有的生态系统，尤其是通过灌溉发展起来的人工绿洲，成为干旱区人类生存和繁衍的基地，它是由山地、绿洲和荒漠构成的干旱区三大生态系统的核心，发展绿洲是遏制土地沙漠化的重要措施。我国西北干旱区的绿洲形成，经历了三个时期：受到人类轻微干扰的自然水系时期，很多古代绿洲多分布在河流下游；受到人类较强干扰的半人工水系时期，在山前地带形成旧绿洲，下游古代绿洲衰亡；受到人类强烈干扰的人工水系时期，新扩大的绿洲多在旧绿洲边缘和外围。由于绿洲发展改变了水资源的时空分配和消耗方式，使得人工绿洲与沙漠同时扩大，而处于两者之间的自然水域、林地、草地面积和野生动物数量减少，形成沙漠危逼绿洲的态势。所带来的有利影响是水资源利用效益提高，土地生产潜力得到发挥，人工绿洲小气候条件改善，人口承载能力增加；不利方面是水土、水盐平衡失调，生物多样性减少，沙漠与绿洲间过渡带缩小。为了适应西北地区人口和经济增长，预测未来绿洲发展，将以提高现有绿洲生产潜力为主，重点是加强中低产田改造；通过节水及水资源合理调配，适度扩大新绿洲。以保护自然生态来维护人工绿洲生态的稳定性，以发展人工绿洲生态来减轻自然生态的压力，实现可持续发展。
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| 关 键 词： | 荒漠区 人工绿洲 生态系统 可持续发展 |
| 文章编号： | 1000-694X(2004)01-0010-07 |
| 修稿时间： | 2003年8月2日 |
On Formation,Evolution and Sustainable Development of Artificial Oasis Ecosystem in Desert Area in China |
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| FAN Zi-li,Ma Ying-jie,Alishir Kurban,SHEN Yu-ling.On Formation,Evolution and Sustainable Development of Artificial Oasis Ecosystem in Desert Area in China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2004,24(1):10-16. |
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| Authors: | FAN Zi-li Ma Ying-jie Alishir Kurban SHEN Yu-ling |
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| Abstract: | Oasis is the peculiar ecosystem in arid area, especially the artificial oases developed by irrigation have become as the bases on which human rely for existence and multiplying. To develop oases is an important measure for controlling land desertification. The formation of the oases in the arid areas in northwestern China has undergone three stages: (1) the stage of natural stream systems that were slightly influenced by human activities, many paleo-oases were distributed in the lower reaches of rivers; (2) the stage of the semi-artificially-controlled stream systems that were strongly influenced by human activities, the old oases were formed in the piedmont zones and the paleo-oases in the lower reaches began to decline; (3) the stage of the artificially-controlled stream systems that were seriously influenced by human activities, most of the newly-enlarged oases are distributed in the marginal zones and the peripheries of the old oases. The temporal and spatial distribution of water resources and the water consumption ways are changed due to development of the oases, thus, both of the artificial oases and the deserts are simultaneously enlarged, the area of the natural waters, forests, grasslands and habitats of wild animals between the oases and the deserts is reduced, and the oases are threatened by the deserts. The advantageous effects are that the utilization efficiency of water resources is increased, the latent productivity of the lands is tapped, the local climate conditions in the artificial oases are improved, and the population bearing capacity is increased. The disadvantageous impacts are that the soil erosion and the water-salt imbalance occur, the biodiversity is decreased, and the ecotones between deserts and oases are reduced. In order to meet the population growth and the economic development and to predict the development of the oases in northwestern China in future, it is suggested to increase the latent productivity of the oases, to transform the mid-yield and low-yield lands, and to enlarge the new oases moderately by economizing water consumption and by rationally distributing water resources. It is also suggested to maintain the stability of the ecology in the artificial oases by protecting the natural ecology, to reduce the pressure on the natural ecology by developing the artificial oases so as to achieve a sustainable development. |
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| Keywords: | arid area in northwest China artificial oasis formation and evolution sustainable development |
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