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玛纳斯河流域人工绿洲扩张对社会经济和生态环境的影响分析
引用本文:张青青,徐海量,樊自立,禹朴家,凌洪波.玛纳斯河流域人工绿洲扩张对社会经济和生态环境的影响分析[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(3):863-871.
作者姓名:张青青  徐海量  樊自立  禹朴家  凌洪波
作者单位:1. 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐830011 中国科学院研究生院,北京100049
2. 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐,830011
基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目,新疆社科基金项目,国家重点基础研究发展计划项目
摘    要: 利用2007—2009年的实地调查资料,结合1958—2006年的5期遥感影像解译数据,从干旱区内陆河流域典型绿洲的演变进程出发,分析了新中国成立以来近60 a玛纳斯河流域人工绿洲快速扩张的影响,强调了保持绿洲适宜规模的重要性,并从可持续发展的角度探讨了绿洲今后发展的方向。主要结论为:①近60 a玛纳斯河流域耕地和绿洲分别以107.756 km2·a-1和122.401 km2·a-1的速度迅速增长,二者扩张的方向基本一致;②绿洲的快速扩张对社会经济产生一定推动作用的同时,也带来了一系列的环境问题。如地表水利用率超过90%,地下水过度开采并以0.5~1 m·a-1的速度下降,水质污染增加,防护林大量死亡,森林破坏严重,草地从1958年到2006年减少4 316.39 km2,土地荒漠化威胁严重等;③从可持续发展的角度看,控制绿洲规模,适度开采地下水,转变产业结构,建立生态补偿机制等是今后本区发展的关键。

关 键 词:人工绿洲  扩张  社会经济  环境问题  玛纳斯河流域

Effect of Artificial Oasis Expansion on Social Economy and Ecological Environment in Manas River Basin, Xinjiang of China
ZHANG Qing-qing,XU Hai-liang,FAN Zi-li,YU Pu-jia,LING Hong-bo.Effect of Artificial Oasis Expansion on Social Economy and Ecological Environment in Manas River Basin, Xinjiang of China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(3):863-871.
Authors:ZHANG Qing-qing  XU Hai-liang  FAN Zi-li  YU Pu-jia  LING Hong-bo
Institution:1,2(1.Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Urumqi 830011,China;2.Graduated University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)
Abstract:Based on field survey and monitoring data in 2007-2009 and remote sensing image data in 1958,1976,1987,1998 and 2006,we analyzed the evolution of artificial oasis in Manas River basin and the effects of rapid artificial oasis expansion on social economy and ecological environment in the 60 years.The importance of maintaining appropriate oasis scale was stressed and adjustment measures for sustainable development of the Manas River basin were proposed too.Main conclusions are that:(1) The growth rates of cultivated land and oasis are 107.756 km2·a-1 and 122.401 km2·a-1 respectively in the 60 years.(2) The rapid expansion of oasis has a positive influence on the social economy development.Meanwhile,the rapid oasis expansion in Manas River basin results in some environmental problems,such as overload operation of surface water with utilization rate more than 90%,ground water table dropping significantly at an annual rate of 0.5~1 m·a-1 because of over-exploitation,serious environmental pollution,dieing of large number of protective forest,serious deforestation,grassland area decrease of 4 316.39 km2 from 1958 to 2006,and serious desertification threat to human beings.Therefore,adjustment measures for the future development of the oasis are proposed from the perspective of sustainable development,such as oasis scale control,moderate exploitation of groundwater,transformation of industrial structure and establishment of ecological compensation mechanism.
Keywords:artificial oasis  expansion  social economy  environmental problems  Manas River basin
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