The ionosphere: effects,GPS modeling and the benefits for space geodetic techniques |
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| Authors: | Manuel Hernández-Pajares J Miguel Juan Jaume Sanz Àngela Aragón-Àngel Alberto García-Rigo Dagoberto Salazar Miquel Escudero |
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| Institution: | (1) School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK;(2) Research Group of Astronomy and Geomatics, Technical University of Catalonia (gAGE/UPC), Mod. C3, Campus Nord UPC, Jordi Girona 1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;(3) IFAC-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy |
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| Abstract: | The main goal of this paper is to provide a summary of our current knowledge of the ionosphere as it relates to space geodetic
techniques, especially the most informative technology, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), specifically the fully
deployed and operational global positioning system (GPS). As such, the main relevant modeling points are discussed, and the
corresponding results of ionospheric monitoring are related, which were mostly computed using GPS data and based on the direct
experience of the authors. We address various phenomena such as horizontal and vertical ionospheric morphology in quiet conditions,
traveling ionospheric disturbances, solar flares, ionospheric storms and scintillation. Finally, we also tackle the question
of how improved knowledge of ionospheric conditions, especially in terms of an accurate understanding of the distribution
of free electrons, can improve space geodetic techniques at different levels, such as higher-order ionospheric effects, precise
GNSS navigation, single-antenna GNSS orientation and real-time GNSS meteorology. |
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