共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Site characterization activities at potential unexploded ordnance (UXO) sites rely on sparse sampling collected as geophysical
surveys along strip transects. From these samples, the locations of target areas, those regions on the site where the geophysical
anomaly density is significantly above the background density, must be identified. A target area detection approach using
a hidden Markov model (HMM) is developed here. HMM’s use stationary transition probabilities from one state to another for
steps between adjacent locations as well as the probability of any particular observation occurring given each possible underlying
state. The approach developed here identifies the transition probabilities directly from the conceptual site model (CSM) created
as part of the UXO site characterization process. A series of simulations examine the ability of the HMM approach to simultaneously
determine the target area locations within each transect and to estimate the unknown anomaly intensity within the identified
target area. The HMM results are compared to those obtained using a simpler target detection approach that considers the background
anomaly density to be defined by a Poisson distribution and each location to be independent of any adjacent location. Results
show that the HMM approach is capable of accurately identifying the target locations with limited false positive identifications
when both the background and target are intensities are known. The HMM approach is relatively robust to changes in the initial
estimate of the target anomaly intensity and is capable of identifying target locations and the corresponding target anomaly
intensity when this intensity is approximately 60% higher than the background intensity at intensities that are representative
of actual field sites. Application to data collected from a wide area assessment field site show that the HMM approach identifies
the area of the site with elevated anomaly intensity with few false positives. This field site application also shows that
the HMM results are relatively robust to changes in the transect width. 相似文献
2.
Barry L. Roberts Sean A. McKenna 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2009,23(2):227-236
The identification and characterization of target areas at former bombing ranges is the first step in investigating these
sites for residual unexploded ordnance. Traditionally, magnetometer surveys along transects are used in identifying areas
with high densities of magnetic anomalies, which are likely former target areas. Combining magnetometer survey data with other
data sources may reduce the level of survey data required for site characterization, increasing characterization efficiency.
Here, several techniques for incorporating secondary information into kriging estimates of magnetic anomaly density are investigated
for a former bombing range located near Pueblo, Colorado. In particular, kriging with external drift, collocated ordinary
cokriging, and simple kriging with local means (SKLM) are used to incorporate information from a secondary variable. The secondary
variable consists of a grid of crater density values derived from a topographic light detection and ranging (LIDAR) analysis.
The craters, which are clearly identifiable in the LIDAR data, were generated through munitions use at the site and are therefore
related to the target locations. The results from this study indicate that the inclusion of the secondary information in the
kriging estimates does benefit target area characterization and provides a means of elucidating target area details from only
limited magnetometer transect data. For the Pueblo site, the use of SKLM with the crater density as a secondary variable and
only limited magnetometer transect data, provided results comparable to those obtained from using much larger magnetometer
transect data sets. 相似文献
3.
Effect of transect location,transect spacing and interpolation methods on river bathymetry accuracy 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Jill Glenn Daniele Tonina Mark D. Morehead Fritz Fiedler Rohan Benjankar 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(9):1185-1198
Digital elevation models (DEMs) of river channel bathymetries are developed by interpolating elevations between data collected at discrete points or along transects. The accuracy of interpolated bathymetries depends on measurement error, the density and distribution of point data, and the interpolation method. Whereas point measurement errors can be minimized by selecting the most efficient equipment, the effect of data density and interpolation method on river bathymetry is relatively unknown. Thus, this study focuses on transect‐based collection methods and investigates the effects of transect location, the spacing between transects, and interpolation methods on the accuracy of interpolated bathymetry. This is accomplished by comparing four control bathymetries generated from accurate and high resolution, sub‐meter scale data to bathymetries interpolated from transect data extracted from the control bathymetries using two transect locating methods and four interpolation methods. The transect locating methods are a morphologically‐spaced and an equally‐spaced model. The four interpolation methods are Ordinary Kriging, Delaunay Triangulation, and Simple Linear, which are applied in curvilinear coordinates (Delaunay Triangulation is also applied in Cartesian coordinates), and Natural Neighbor only in Cartesian Coordinates. The bathymetric data were obtained from morphologically simple and complex reaches of a large (average bankfull width = 90 m) and a small (average bankfull width = 17 m) river. The accuracy of the developed DEMs is assessed using statistical analysis of the differences between the control and interpolated bathymetries and hydraulic parameters assessed from bankfull water surface elevations. Results indicate that DEM accuracy is not influenced by the choice of transect location method (with same averaged cross‐section spacing) or a specific interpolation method, but rather by the coordinate system for which the interpolation method is applied and the spacing between transects. They also show negligible differences between the mean depths and surface areas calculated from bathymetries with dense or coarse spacing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
John E. Hathaway Richard O. Gilbert John E. Wilson Brent A. Pulsipher 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2009,23(2):253-261
After site clean-up teams have removed all of what they believe to be UXO within a specific impact area, statistical compliance
sampling is a possible method for verifying with a specified probability that this area has been cleaned to specifications.
Schilling [J Qual Technol 10(2):47–51, 1978, Acceptance sampling in quality control. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1982] developed a compliance sampling methodology based on the hypergeometric distribution. Bowen and Bennett (1987) also use compliance sampling where they provide an approximation for estimating the number of samples (n) required to state with desired probability that the entire population of sample units (N, where n < N) are in compliance with cleanup goals. This article describes two methods (anomaly and transect) for applying the Schilling
[J Qual Technol 10(2):47–51, 1978, Acceptance sampling in quality control. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1982] compliance sampling method to military training sites. After describing these methods, a simulation study is presented which
demonstrates the performance of transect compliance sampling calculations based on varied degrees of clustered UXO within
a specific impact area and different types of sampling routines. 相似文献
5.
The study presents a fast imaging technique for the very low‐frequency data interpretation. First, an analytical expression was derived to compute the vertical component of the magnetic field at any point on the Earth's surface for a given current density distribution in a rectangular block on the subsurface. Current density is considered as exponentially decreasing with depth, according to the skin depth rule in a particular block. Subsequently, the vertical component of the magnetic field due to the entire subsurface was computed as the sum of the vertical component of the magnetic field due to an individual block. Since the vertical component of the magnetic field is proportional to the real part of very low‐frequency anomaly, an inversion program was developed for imaging of the subsurface conductors using the real very low‐frequency anomaly in terms of apparent current density distribution in the subsurface. Imaging results from the presented formulation were compared with other imaging techniques in terms of apparent current density and resistivity distribution using a standard numerical forward modelling and inversion technique. Efficacy of the developed approach was demonstrated for the interpretation of synthetic and field very low‐frequency data. The presented imaging technique shows improvement with respect to the filtering approaches in depicting subsurface conductors. Further, results obtained using the presented approach are closer to the results of rigorous resistivity inversion. Since the presented approach uses only the real anomaly, which is not sensitive to very small isolated near‐surface conducting features, it depicts prominent conducting features in the subsurface. 相似文献
6.
Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) larvae and mixed zooplankton were collected from sites in the southern North Sea across three transects running north, north-west and west from the Elbe and Weser estuaries (Germany). Sprat larval sub-cellular fractions (13,500 g supernatants) were assayed for the antixoxidant enzymes catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), and levels of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), p,p'-DDE and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the mixed zooplankton (fish larval diet). Higher levels (p < 0.05) of SOD and catalase activities were observed at sites closest to estuaries corresponding to sites with the highest levels (p < 0.05) of total PCBs and p,p'-DDE. Antioxidant enzymes activities decreased in samples collected from sites further from the estuaries across a northern and north-western transect; however this was not observed across a western transect. Larval antioxidant enzyme activities are discussed in relation to potential processes affecting them including plankton contaminant level distributions. 相似文献
7.
This study investigates scaling issues by evaluating snow processes and quantifying bias in snowpack properties across scale in a northern Great Lakes–St. Lawrence forest. Snow depth and density were measured along transects stratified by land cover over the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 winters. Daily snow depth was measured using a time‐lapse (TL) camera at each transect. Semivariogram analysis of the transect data was conducted, and no autocorrelation was found, indicating little spatial structure along the transects. Pairwise differences in snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) between land covers were calculated and compared across scales. Differences in snowpack between forested sites at the TL points corresponded to differences in canopy cover, but this relationship was not evident at the transect scale, indicating a difference in observed process across scale. TL and transect estimates had substantial bias, but consistency in error was observed, which indicates that scaling coefficients may be derived to improve point scale estimates. TL and transect measurements were upscaled to estimate grid scale means. Upscaled estimates were compared and found to be consistent, indicating that appropriately stratified point scale measurements can be used to approximate a grid scale mean when transect data are not available. These findings are important in remote regions such as the study area, where frequent transect data may be difficult to obtain. TL, transect, and upscaled means were compared with modelled depth and SWE. Model comparisons with TL and transect data indicated that bias was dependent on land cover, measurement scale, and seasonality. Modelled means compared well with upscaled estimates, but model SWE was underestimated during spring melt. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the spatial representativeness of in situ measurements and the processes those measurements represent when validating gridded snow products or assimilating data into models. 相似文献
8.
Beerkan multi-runs for characterizing water infiltration and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties across scales 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Laurent Lassabatere Simone Di Prima Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo Saskia Keesstra David Salesa 《水文科学杂志》2019,64(2):165-178
A method is presented for characterizing the spatial variability of water infiltration and soil hydraulic properties at the transect and field scales. The method involves monitoring a set of 10 Beerkan runs distributed over a 1-m length of soil, and running BEST (Beerkan estimation of soil transfer parameters) methods to derive hydraulic parameters. The Beerkan multi-runs (BMR) method provides a significant amount of data at the transect scale, allowing the determination of correlations between water infiltration variables and hydraulic parameters, and the detection of specific runs affected by preferential flow or water repellence. The realization of several BMRs at several transects on the same site allows comparison of the variation between locations (spatial variability at the field scale) and at the transect scale (spatial variability at the metre scale), using analysis of variance. From the results, we determined the spatial variability of water infiltration and hydraulic parameters as well as its characteristic scale (transect versus field). 相似文献
9.
ＡｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅＵＬＦｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｅｌｅｃｔｒｏ－ｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎＸｉｎｇ－ＣａｉＬＩ；（李兴才）Ｈｕｉ－ＸｉｎＣＡＯ；（曹惠馨）Ｔｉｅ－ＨｏｎｇＹＵ；（俞铁宏）ａｎｄＺｈｉ－ＹｏｎｇＣＨＥＮ；（＠２陈智勇）（Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏ... 相似文献
10.
Purna Sulastya Putra Yuichi Nishimura Eko Yulianto 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2013,170(9-10):1583-1600
This study provides a case history of tsunami deposition in a carbonate-dominated environmental setting. We present the results of a sedimentological investigation conducted on deposits formed by the 25 October 2010 Mentawai Island Tsunami and report on deposits analyzed at three sites on North Pagai Island: Sabeu Gunggung, Macaroni Resort, and Tumalei. The deposits are mainly composed of medium to coarse sand-sized fragments of corals, shells and foraminifera, with thickness ranging from 3 to 26 cm. The deposits consist of two to five layers, with fining-upward trends dominating. Local topography noticeably affects the thickness, number of layers, and distribution of tsunami deposits. The foraminiferal assemblage and diversity vary at each sample point, along transect and between different transects. Based on the foraminiferal content, most of the deposit material likely came from shallower depths. In addition, density distribution of the tsunami deposit material exhibits some degree of variability in terms of the range of densities in each sample and the trend of the overall density along each transect. In contrast to heavy mineral-dominated deposits, the density of carbonate grains as a function of size may be an important consideration when carbonate-dominated deposits are used to interpret hydraulic conditions that created a particular tsunami deposit. Since there are relatively few studies of tsunami deposits in carbonate-dominated environmental settings such as the Mentawai Islands, our study provides a useful case history of tsunami deposition in such an environmental setting. 相似文献
11.
12.
M. K. PAUL 《Geophysical Prospecting》1972,20(1):118-129
The interpretation of the gravity anomaly on a horizontal plane over a causative body having circular symmetry about a vertical axis is considered from a rather unconventional approach. As the analytical expression for the gravity effect of a circular body assumes a closed form only on the axis of symmetry, the interpretation in this approach is carried out with the anomaly profile along the axis—which leads to simpler and faster computation. A numerical method is developed for computation of the anomaly profile along the vertical axis from the horizontal radial profile of the symmetric anomaly by upward continuation. Provision is also made for an end correction when the radial profile has only a limited extension. Some simple geometrical shapes are assumed for the causative body. Its parameters are then determined from least squares fitting of its gravity effects to the observed (upward continued) vertical profile (i) by the steepest descent method and (ii) by the Newton-Raphson method. Some applications of these methods are demonstrated. 相似文献
13.
C. Visweswara Rao A.G. Pramanik G.V.R.K. Kumar M.L. Raju 《Geophysical Prospecting》1994,42(7):825-839
The variation in the density of sediments with depth in a sedimentary basin can be represented by a hyperbolic function. Gravity anomaly expressions for a 2D vertical prism and an asymmetric trapezium with a hyperbolic density distribution are derived in a closed form. These are used in inverting the gravity anomaly of a sedimentary basin with variable density. Firstly, the basin is viewed as a series of prisms juxtaposed with each other. The initial thickness of each prism is obtained from the gravity anomaly at its centre, based on the gravity anomaly of an infinite slab with a hyperbolic density contrast. These thicknesses are improved, based on the differences between the observed and the calculated anomalies. For an improved rate of convergence of the solution, these thicknesses may alternatively be refined using the well-known ridge regression technique. Secondly, the basin is approximated by an asymmetric trapezium and its anomalies are inverted for the parameters of the trapezium using the ridge regression. Since this approximation serves to oversimplify the floor of the basin, it must be used only when the sediment-basement interface has minor undulations. The results of a hypothetical case and two field cases (the San Jacinto Graben, California and the Godavari Graben, southern India) are presented. In both field cases, the interpreted depths are comparable with the real ones, proving the validity of the assumption of a hyperbolic density distribution of the sediments in the two basins considered. 相似文献
14.
15.
Common studies on the static electric field distribution over a conductivity anomaly use the self-potential method. However, this method is time consuming and requires nonpolarizable electrodes to be placed in the ground. Moreover, the information gained by this method is restricted to the horizontal variations of the electric field. To overcome the limitation in the self-potential technique, we conducted a field experiment using a non conventional technique to assess the static electric field over a conductivity anomaly. We use two metallic potential probes arranged on an insulated boom with a separation of 126 cm. When placed into the electric field of the free air, a surface charge will be induced on each probe trying to equalize with the potential of the surrounding atmosphere. The use of a plasma source at both probes facilitated continuous and quicker measurement of the electric field in the air. The present study shows first experimental measurements with a modified potential probe technique (MPP) along a 600-meter-long transect to demonstrate the general feasibility of this method for studying the static electric field distribution over shallow conductivity anomalies.Field measurements were carried out on a test site on top of the Bramsche Massif near Osnabrück (Northwest Germany) to benefit from a variety of available near surface data over an almost vertical conductivity anomaly. High resolution self-potential data served in a numerical analysis to estimate the expected individual components of the electric field vector.During the experiment we found more anomalies in the vertical and horizontal components of the electric field than self-potential anomalies. These contrasting findings are successfully cross-validated with conventional near surface geophysical methods. Among these methods, we used self-potential, radiomagnetotelluric, electric resistivity tomography and induced polarization data to derive 2D conductivity models of the subsurface in order to infer the geometrical properties and the origin of the conductivity anomaly in the survey area. The presented study demonstrates the feasibility of electric field measurements in free air to detect and study near surface conductivity anomalies. Variations in Ez correlate well with the conductivity distribution obtained from resistivity methods. Compared to the self-potential technique, continuously free air measurements of the electric field are more rapid and of better lateral resolution combined with the unique ability to analyze vertical components of the electric field which are of particular importance to detect lateral conductivity contrasts. Mapping Ez in free air is a good tool to precisely map lateral changes of the electric field distribution in areas where SP generation fails. MPP offers interesting application in other geophysical techniques e.g. in time domain electromagnetics, DC and IP.With this method we were able to reveal a ca. 150 m broad zone of enhanced electric field strength. 相似文献
16.
17.
二维异常体上地磁水平分量变化的一些特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
陈伯舫 《地震地磁观测与研究》2001,22(3):13-16
数值模拟计算显示二维异常体上H分量的周期性变化是不同步的,即在异常区内观测的Pi2脉动可能是非同时性的,本研究设计了一个二维模型,其H分量沿地表南北向可出现“以传播速度约为140km/s”的现象。 相似文献
18.
Ashutosh Chamoli Anand K. Pandey V. P. Dimri P. Banerjee 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(5):827-844
The gravity response and crustal shortening in the Himalayan belt are modeled in detail for the first time in the NW Himalaya.
The Bouguer gravity anomaly along a ~450-km-long (projected) transect from the Sub-Himalaya in the south to the Karakoram
fault in the north across the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone is modeled using spectral analysis, wavelet transform and forward
modeling. The spectral analysis suggests three-layer interfaces in the lithosphere at 68-, 34- and 11-km depths corresponding
to the Moho, the Conrad discontinuity and the Himalayan decollement thrust, respectively. The coherence, admittance and cross
spectra suggest crustal shortening because of convergence compensated by lithospheric folding at 536- and 178-km wavelength
at the Moho and the upper-crustal level. An average effective elastic thickness of around 31 km is calculated using the coherence
method. The gravity data are modeled to demarcate intracrustal to subcrustal regional thrust/fault zones. The geometrical
constraints of these faults are obtained in the space scale domain using the wavelet transform, showing good correlation with
the major tectonic boundaries. The crustal configuration along the transect shows how the Moho depth increases from 45 to
80 km towards the north with the locus of flexure of the Indian crust beneath the Higher Himalayan zone. The combination of
forward modeling and wavelet analysis gives insight into the subsurface extent and geometry of regional structures across
the NW Himalaya. 相似文献
19.
Xiang Qin ChuanJin Li CunDe Xiao ShuGui Hou MingHu Ding JiaWen Ren DaHe Qin 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(10):2366-2373
This study investigates the regional distribution of marine aerosol originated species(Na+, Cl-, nss-SO42- and MSA) in the snow pits(or firn cores) collected along a transect between Zhongshan Station and the Grove Mountain area(450 km inland) on the eastern side of the Lambert Glacier Basin. Concentrations of Na+ and Cl- decrease exponentially with distance from the coast to 100 km inland(i.e., 1500 m a.s.l.). Statistical results demonstrate that distance from the coast inland and elevation affect the concentration of sea-salt originated ions in inland areas significantly. Increase of Cl-/Na+ ratio and higher variability in its standard deviation suggest that there are other sources of ions in addition to sea-salt in inland areas of the Antarctic continent. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl- from nine sampling sites in the Grove Mountain area are relatively higher than those from sites along CHINARE transect, although all sites are at similar distance inland. This phenomenon indicates that the barrier effect of the mountain may be the most important factor influencing ion deposition. In addition, nss-SO42- and MSA vary differently, with nss-SO42- decreasing with distance more significantly. This implies that sources and transporting pathways influence the deposition of the two sulfur compounds considerably, being supported by the spatial pattern of correlation coefficients between the nss-SO42- and MSA. 相似文献
20.
Seismic array evidence from two large aperture arrays is presented for a small lateral inhomogeneity possibly at the base of the mantle under the Island of Hawaii. Phase velocity and azimuthal deviations plotted at the turning points of the rays suggest that this is a cylindrical body with a high-velocity nucleus having a radius of 150 km and a low-velocity penumbra. The anomaly also produces a characteristic amplitude anomaly or a pulse modification which may be diagnostic. The inhomogeneity is observed where rays have traversed near the core/mantle boundary to 400 km above the core, but there are no observational data at present for an extension to the surface, and observational data for other array sites, favorably placed with respect to earthquake sources, are necessary before the location of the inhomogeneity is established unambiguously. 相似文献