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1.
青藏高原现代表土中冷杉和云杉花粉的空间分布 总被引：25，自引：9，他引：16
文章通过对青藏高原北纬25°～45°,东经75°～106°范围内海拔1000～5700m的地区所采集的598个表土样品的孢粉分析,研究了现代表土中冷杉和云杉花粉的分布与植被、气候和海拔之间的关系。表土样品中冷杉和云杉花粉高含量范围对应着青藏高原南部和东部山地暗针叶林分布区,花粉等值线图较准确地反映了冷杉和云杉的丰富程度及其与植被、环境的关系;冷杉和云杉花粉百分含量随海拔和气候梯度变化表现出单峰分布模式,冷杉和云杉花粉百分含量大于20%的最适宜海拔高度是2500～4000m,最高含量中心限制在海拔3200m左右、年均温2～3℃范围内;较高的花粉百分含量带出现在年均温0～8℃、年均降水量400～850mm的区域。结果显示了青藏高原现代冷杉和云杉花粉的空间分布与植被、气候、海拔的空间变化之间很好的相关性,为利用花粉资料进行青藏高原地区的古气候重建提供了有益的资料 相似文献
2.
青藏高原湖相沉积碳氧同位素、海拔高度与年均气温存在函数关系。对青藏高原南部14个不同海拔高度的第四纪湖相沉积露头,在剖面不同部位采集了35个湖相沉积样品,结合海拔高度与年均气温的相关分析,建立了湖相沉积碳氧同位素古海拔高度计。再对青藏高原南部、青藏高原北部、东昆仑南部和柴达木盆地不同地点出露的渐新世、中新世早中期、上新世—早更新世湖相沉积地层,分别取样进行碳氧同位素分析,计算不同时期的古年均气温和古海拔高度。结果表明,青藏高原大部分地区中新世早中期整体隆升至海拔约4000m高度,五道梁—东昆仑南部中新世早中期整体隆升至海拔约3500m高度,柴达木盆地中新世早中期隆升至海拔约2500m高度。这些资料对认识青藏高原隆升时代和气候环境演化具有重要意义。 相似文献
3.
Qingfeng Ma Liping Zhu Xinmiao Lu Yong Wang Yun Guo Junbo Wang Jianting Ju Ping Peng Lingyu Tang 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2017,46(2):242-253
The relationships amongst modern pollen assemblages, vegetation, climate and human activity are the basis for reconstructing palaeoenvironmental changes using pollen records. It is important to determine these relationships at regional scales due to the development of vegetation under different climatic conditions and human activities. In this paper, we report on an analysis of modern pollen assemblages of 31 surface lake samples from 31 lakes (one sample per lake) on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau where the knowledge of modern pollen and their relationships with vegetation, climate and human activities is insufficient. The region includes five vegetation zones: sub‐alpine shrub steppe, alpine steppe, alpine meadow and steppe ecotone, mountain desert and alpine desert. The lakes span a wide range of mean annual precipitation (50–500 mm) and mean annual temperature (?8 to 6 °C). Modern pollen assemblages from our samples mainly consist of herb taxa (Artemisia, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, etc.) and some tree taxa (Pinus, Fagaceae, Alnus, etc.). The results indicate that modern pollen assemblages are able to reflect the main vegetation distribution. Redundancy analysis for the main pollen types and environmental variables shows that precipitation is the leading factor that influences the pollen distribution in the study area with the first axis capturing 13.7% of the variance in the pollen data set. The Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae ratio is valid for separating the desert component (<2) from the steppe and other vegetation zones (>2) but is unable to distinguish moisture variations. The Artemisia/Cyperaceae ratio is able to identify meadows (<1) and steppes (>1) and can be used as a moisture index on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that an appropriate range is needed for a modern pollen data set in order to perform pollen‐based quantitative climate reconstructions in one region. It is essential to perform modern studies before using pollen ratios to reconstruct palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate at a regional scale. 相似文献
4.
Holocene vegetation dynamics and inferred climate changes at Svanåvatnet, Mo i Rana, northern Norway
ANNE E. BJUNE H. J. B. BIRKS 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2008,37(1):146-156
Pollen and plant macrofossil analyses from Svanåvatnet in northern Norway provide records of past vegetation and climate in this region from c . 8700 cal. yr BP until the present. Pollen accumulation rates and the presence of plant macrofossils indicate that Betula pubescens (birch) was present from c . 8600 cal. yr BP and Pinus sylvestris (pine) from c . 8200 cal. yr BP. Quantitative climate is reconstructed using modern pollen-climate transfer functions based on weighted-averaging partial least squares regression. A rapid increase in mean July temperature (Tjul ) and mean annual precipitation (Pann ) is inferred for the early Holocene. At times when tree abundance is at its highest and most diverse, inferred Tjul indicates maximum temperatures during the mid-Holocene of about 2°C warmer than at present. During the same time period, inferred Pann is 200–300 mm above present-day conditions until c . 3000 cal. yr BP. Mean January temperatures (Tjan ) are reconstructed to be about 2°C warmer than today from 8000 to 3500 cal. yr BP. After 3500 cal. yr BP until today, a gradual decrease is seen in all the reconstructed climate parameters, together with a reduction in tree abundance and the development of a mosaic of open vegetation with grasses, dwarf shrubs and wet areas, and of woodland containing B. pubescens , P. sylvestris and Picea abies (spruce). 相似文献
5.
孢粉通常被用作古气候的代用指标,长江三角洲地区已经进行了许多相关的孢粉-古气候的研究工作。通过对长江三角洲地区7个晚更新世钻孔的孢粉资料进行提取对比,发现冷杉和云杉两种花粉在地层中分布有一定的规律性。现代长江流域这两种耐寒植物集中分布在青藏高原区,长江中下游地区极少分布,但其花粉确出现在近河口区的晚更新世以来的暖期地层中（MIS1,3和5期）,并且达到了一定数量,这很可能是长江从其上游地区搬运至此沉积下来的。同时,我们也发现西部内陆平原区由于受长江物源影响较少,其晚更新世以来地层中的冷杉和云杉花粉分布与河口区差别很大,这也为河流携带冷杉和云杉花粉至河口地区提供了证据。这一发现如果成立,冷杉和云杉花粉即可作为长江物源的一个判别指标。 相似文献
6.
7.
利用氧同位素作为古高度计重建造山带的古高度是近年发展起来的应用比较广泛的方法。本文通过对青藏高原河水δ18Ow(SMOW)的空间分布特征分析,表明高原南北δ18Ow(SMOW)由于水汽来源和水汽循环方式不同存在显著差异。以中央分水岭山脉为界,南部δ18Ow(SMOW)平均值为-15.6‰左右,北部为-8.6%左右; 南部氧同位素值随高度的平均变化率为-0.24‰/100m,北部为-0.15‰/100m。分别建立了藏北地区和藏南地区河水氧同位素和高度的关系,同时应用可可西里及昆仑山口现代食草动物牙齿釉质、尼玛盆地现代土壤碳酸盐的氧同位素值对所建立的经验模型进行了检验,表明这两个模型分别应用于藏北和藏南地区古高度的恢复是可行的,为今后青藏高原古高度研究工作的开展提供了定量的计算方法。 相似文献
8.
陕西渭南北庄村晚更新世晚期古植被的再研究 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
通过渭南北庄村约31,000—18,000aB.P.沉积物中花粉百分含量、浓度和沉积率分析,对该时期古植被取得一些新认识,即当时云杉、冷杉等亚高山针叶树可能并未形成较大面积的森林,而是呈岛状分布于水体周围,并与区域性蒿草草原呈镶嵌状分布,植被并不稳定,亚高山针叶树曾两度出现又消失。从20,000aB.P.无乔木花粉出现,到18,000aB.P.难以找到任何花粉,本区变为无乔木生长的荒漠草原,气候曾经过数次冷偏湿与冷干的交替后,从18,000aB.P.起变得极度干燥和寒冷。 相似文献
9.
Hager Pond, a mire in northern Idaho, reveals at least five pollen zones since sediments formed after the last recession of continental ice (>9500 yr BP). Zone I (>9500-8300 yr BP) consists mainly of diploxylon pine, plus low percentages of Abies, Artemisia, and Picea. SEM examination of conifer pollen at selected levels in the zone reveals that Pinus albicaulis, P. monticola, and P. contorta are present in unknown proportions. The zone resembles modern pollen spectra from the Abies lasiocarpa-P. albicaulis association found locally today only at high elevation. Presence of whitebark pine indicates a cooler, moister climate than at present, but one which was rapidly replaced in Zone II (8300-7600 yr BP) by warmer, drier conditions as inferred by prominence of grass with diploxylon pine. Zone III (7600-3000 yr BP) was probably dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii, plus diploxylon pine and prominent Artemisia and denotes a change in vegetation but continuation of the warmer drier conditions. Beginning at approximately 3000 yr BP Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa, and/or A. grandis and diploxylon pine were dominants and the inferred climate became cooler and moister concomitant with Neoglaciation. The modern climatic climax (Zone V), with Tsuga heterophylla as dominant, has emerged in approximately the last 1500 yr. 相似文献
10.
对云南省玉龙雪山地区8个垂直植被带下采集的49个表土样品进行表土孢粉的垂直散布研究,同时选择43个受人类活动干扰较少的样品和20个主要木本花粉类型进行了降维对应分析(DCA)。结果表明,玉龙雪山地区不同垂直植被带的孢粉组合具有不同的代表性成分与变化特征,能够较好地反映相应的植被带类型。在植物稀疏、花粉产量低的高山杜鹃灌丛植被带中,孢粉组合以外来的松属、冷杉属、落叶松属、云杉属和铁杉属等为主; 冷杉林、落叶松林、云杉林和铁杉林等植被带孢粉组合的指示性成分分别是冷杉属、落叶松属、云杉属和铁杉属花粉,它们对应的峰值分别为13.6％,4.7％,39.4％和11.5％; 针阔混交林、中山湿性常绿阔叶林的孢粉组合分别以高含量的常绿栎类、栲/石栎属为特征,并都含有多种落叶阔叶乔木和灌木的花粉,但后者比前者所包含的阔叶乔木与灌木成分更多,且蕨类孢子的峰值也出现在中山湿性常绿阔叶林中; 云南松林的孢粉组合中除松属外很少有木本花粉出现。DCA排序结果较好地反映了现代植被与环境之间的相互关系,认为温度是决定不同植被带样点分布的最重要因素,这与垂直植被带随着海拔升高、温度逐渐降低而发生更替的规律是一致的。 相似文献
11.
Quantitative information on vegetation and climate history from the late glacial-Holocene on the Tibetan Plateau is extremely rare. Here, we present palynological results of a 4.30-m-long sediment record collected from Koucha Lake in the Bayan Har Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Vegetation change has been traced by biomisation, ordination of pollen data, and calculation of pollen ratios. The application of a pollen-climate calibration set from the eastern Tibetan Plateau to Koucha Lake pollen spectra yielded quantitative climate information. The area was covered by alpine desert/steppe, characteristic of a cold and dry climate (with 50% less precipitation than today) between 16,700 and 14,600 cal yr BP. Steppe vegetation, warm (∼ 1°C higher than today) and wet conditions prevailed between 14,600 and 6600 cal yr BP. These findings contradict evidence from other monsoon-influenced areas of Asia, where the early Holocene is thought to have been moist. Low effective moisture on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau was likely due to high temperature and evaporation, even though precipitation levels may have been similar to present-day values. The vegetation changed to tundra around 6600 cal yr BP, indicating that wet and cool climate conditions occurred on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the second half of the Holocene. 相似文献
12.
伦坡拉盆地西部丁青湖组新发现凝灰岩锆石U- Pb年龄及其地层学意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
伦坡拉盆地丁青湖组沉积时代的确定对于研究青藏高原中部的古高度和古气候具有重要的地质意义,但由于没有精确的年龄数据,其顶部是否跨入了新近系,一直以来都存在争论。作者在伦坡拉盆地西部鄂加卒地区开展野外调查过程中,在该剖面中部和上部新发现两套凝灰岩夹层,对凝灰岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得了两件凝灰岩样品的形成年龄分别为24.05±0.24Ma(MSWD=1.07,n=24)和22.64±0.33Ma(MSWD=0.45,n=17),时代分别为晚渐新世和早中新世。根据凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄和前人研究成果,将鄂加卒剖面的细碎屑岩地层重新厘定为丁青湖组,并将丁青湖组的沉积时代定为渐新世-中中新世。根据丁青湖组地层厚度及沉积速率估算,该组沉积持续时间在21～23Ma之间,其顶部地层的年龄在11～13Ma左右。由此可见,伦坡拉盆地接受连续沉积一直持续到了中中新世,这比过去普遍认识的晚始新世-渐新世时期青藏高原中部的古高度和古气候变化时间更晚。前人在该地区发现的近无角犀化石、攀鲈鱼化石、棕榈科叶片化石以及孢粉化石等研究结果共同证实,青藏高原中部渐新世晚期的古海拔高度低于～2500～3000 m。因此,该区晚渐新世-早中新世温暖潮湿的气候特征很可能是受到了印度洋气流穿透的影响,而且该影响可能一直持续到了中中新世,从而造就了该时期青藏高原生物的多样性。 相似文献
13.
南海深海沉积物花粉记录的快速气候波动事件 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
本文根据１７９４０柱状样花粉研究结果,分析了南海末次冰期以来千年尺度气候波动事件,并利用频谱分析方法得到南海深海沉积物花粉记录的气候变化的周期。本文研究认为,这种千年级准周期的气候波动可能与高纬度地区的亚米兰科维奇准周期性事件进行对比;它也可能反映了Ｅ１Ｎｉｎｏ－ＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＯｓｃｉｌｌａｔｉｏｎ(ＥＮＳＯ)系统较长周期的变化,其形成和演化机制仍待进一步探讨。 相似文献
14.
通过利用一个较为完善的大气环流模式(GCM)进行了一系列青藏高原不断隆升的数值模拟试验结果.共进行了11个改变地形高度的数值试验,即对欧亚大陆上现代大地形所在地区(约10～60°N,50～140°E)陆地上所有格点的地形高度分别取为现代地形高度值的100%,90%,80%,70%,…,10%,外加一个无地形试验MOO,共完成了11个试验.结合与干旱化有关的地质记录,探讨了高原隆起在欧亚内陆及北非干旱演化过程中的作用.结果表明,仅仅改变高原地区地形高度的数值试验结果与气候变化地质记录在趋势上有可比性,青藏高原隆升是中亚及北非地区在地质时间尺度上干旱化加剧的重要原因,但却不是上述干旱区形成的根本原因. 相似文献
15.
青藏高原海拔要素对温度、降水和气候型分布格局的影响 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
青藏高原平均海拔4 000~5 000 m,由于特殊的地理条件,生态环境较为脆弱,对气候变化非常敏感,并对周围乃至全球的气候产生重要影响。使用1961-2010年青藏高原温度、降水0.5°×0.5°格点数据,以及由GTOPO30数据（分辨率为0.05°×0.05°）经过重采样生成的陆地0.5°×0.5°的数字高程模型DEM,分析了青藏高原温度、降水受海拔要素的影响,并通过青藏高原区域79个气象站的数据进行验证,进而使用柯本气候分类和中国自然地理区划两种方法对青藏高原气候进行划分,探讨青藏高原各分区海拔要素对温度、降水的影响差异以及出现差异的原因。研究表明：青藏高原及其各分区的气温垂直递减率不同,是由于地形起伏不同造成的青藏高原热源效用不同;降水与海拔的关系不同,是由于各区域受控于不同的气候系统,造成干湿度的不同,因而最大降水高度带不同。 相似文献
16.
基于前人山西榆社盆地张村植物大化石和花粉组合资料,运用分布区叠加分析法,初步重建了山西张村上新世气候参数值和古海拔高度。研究结果表明,由不同数据来源计算的张村古气候参数数值变化范围大多落在今天的暖温带到北亚热带区间;依据原地埋藏的植物大化石组合推出上新世时山西张村地区存在植被垂直分带,周围为山地地形,由此估测的古湖海拔高程范围在400～1 000 m,明显低于今天约1 043 m的海拔高度,表明在上新世之后位于黄土高原东缘的张村地区还有抬升;支持前人关于更新世以来晋东南地区的整体缓慢抬升的推测。 相似文献
17.
The modern analogue technique (MAT) was applied to six pollen sequences from the Belledonne Massif (northwestern French Alps) to estimate the effect of altitude and local parameters on pollen‐based climate reconstruction during the Lateglacial and the early Holocene. The six sites (Le Vivier (345 m a.s.l.), Les Etelles (700 m a.s.l.), La Coche (980 m a.s.l.), Montendry (1330 m a.s.l.), Le Grand Leyat (1660 m a.s.l.), La Gouille (1800 m a.s.l.)) are located in different vegetation belts (mixed deciduous woods, conifer woods, alpine pastures with maple). The main vegetation changes in the past are recorded at each site. The evolution of four climate parameters (coldest month temperature, warmest month temperature, mean annual temperature, annual precipitation) was quantitatively inferred from pollen data using MAT. The curves obtained were compared to the Les Etelles site, which was the least affected by non‐local pollen transport. The results show consistent trends for the climate parameters reconstructed at the different sites. However, the reconstruction does not indicate a decrease in temperature values related to the increasing elevation. Difficulties in reconstructing the altitudinal variations of climate parameters from pollen data during the periods studied are discussed and perspectives for improvement are considered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
Pollen data from two sites provide information on the postglacial vegetation and climate history of the Cascade Range. Indian Prairie in the western Cascade Range was colonized by subalpine forests of Pinus, Picea, and Tsuga and open meadows prior to ca. 12,400 14C yr B.P. The treeline lay 500 to 1000 m below its modern elevation and conditions were cooler than at present. From ca. 12,400 to ca. 9950 14C yr B.P. Abies became important and the forest resembled that presently found at middle elevations in the western Cascade Range. The pollen record implies a rise in treeline and warmer conditions than before. From ca. 10,000 to 4000-4500 14C yr B.P., conditions that were warmer and effectively drier than today led to the establishment of a closed forest composed of Pseudotsuga , Abies, and, at lower elevations, Quercus and Corylus . During this period, Gold Lake Bog in the High Cascades was surrounded by closed forest of Pinus and Abies. The early-Holocene pollen assemblages at both Indian Prairie and Gold Lake Bog lack modern analogues, and it is likely that greater-than-present summer radiation fostered unique climatic conditions and vegetation associations at middle and high elevations. In the late Holocene, beginning ca. 4000-4500 14C yr B.P., cooler and more humid conditions prevailed and the modern vegetation was established. A comparison of these sites with others in the Pacific Northwest suggests that major patterns of vegetational change at individual sites were a response to large-scale changes in the climate system that affected the entire region. 相似文献
19.
国内外学者普遍认为,地壳缩短增厚是青藏高原隆升的主要原因,青藏高原隆升对环境变迁和东亚季风具有重要影响,但对青藏高原隆升时代存在不同认识。通过统计分析青藏高原中段新生代不同时期的地层倾角,表明区域褶皱变形主要发生于古近纪,中新世湖相沉积地层产状平缓,挤压构造变形微弱,说明地壳缩短增厚主要发生于中新世前。湖相沉积地层的孢粉分析结果表明,青藏地区热带亚热带阔叶林植被自始新世中期开始逐步减少,至中新世早期濒临消亡;暗针叶林植被自渐新世早中期开始逐步增加,至中新世早中期达到繁盛程度甚至居主导地位。根据这些地质证据,结合全球气候变化、古气温及年代学资料,综合推断青藏高原渐新世晚期隆升高度达到海拔4000m左右。 相似文献
20.
Two ancient swamps in the western Loess Plateau, northwest China record the climate history between 8000 and 4000 cal. yr BP. Grain size, CaCO3, organic matter, mollusc fauna and pollen assemblages show that climate was wet between 8300 and 7400 cal. yr BP, distinctly humid and warm between 7400 and 6700 cal. yr BP, semi‐humid from 6700 to 6300 cal. yr BP, and semi‐arid between 6300 and 4000 cal. yr BP. The temporal and spatial distribution of archaeological sites shows that the prosperity of the neolithic cultures in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau did not appear until the climate changed to semi‐arid, implying that the semi‐arid climate was more favourable than wet and humid climate to neolithic peoples, whose subsistence was based on cereals adapted to arid environments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献