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1.
Rapid economic developments in East Asian countries have inevitably resulted in environmental degradation in the surrounding seas, and concern for both the environment and protection from pollutants is increasing. Identification of sources of contaminants is essential to environmental pollution management. In this study, the provenance of anthropogenic lead (Pb), a major pollutant of Yellow Sea sediments, was determined for river mouth sediments, including those of the Changjiang, Huanghe, Han, and Geum Rivers, and for age-determined shelf core sediments through the measurement of Pb isotope ratios in the HCl-leached fraction using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC ICP/MS). Anthropogenic Pb has accumulated in shelf core sediments since 1910, and its isotope ratios were estimated as 0.863–0.866 and 2.119–2.125 for 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb, respectively, from the mixing relationships of the two endmembers. River mouth sediments exhibited enough distinction in anthropogenic Pb isotope ratios to be discriminated: 0.874 (2.144) in the Huanghe, 0.856 (2.129) in the Han, 0.857 (2.122) in the Geum, and 0.854 (2.101) in the Changjiang for 207Pb/206Pb (208Pb/206Pb), respectively. Although isotope ratios of geogenic Pb in sediments dating before 1910 showed narrow ranges (0.842–0.845 and 2.088–2.100 for 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb, respectively), distinct isotope ratios in each core permitted source identification of sediments in the Yellow Sea based on geographic locations and the geogenic Pb of each river. By comparing the isotope ratios of the estimated anthropogenic Pb to source-related materials, the provenances of anthropogenic Pb in Chinese river sediments were presumed to be Chinese coal or ore, which is also a major source of atmospheric particulate Pb. The anthropogenic Pb in the shelf core sediments in the northern Yellow Sea originated from northern Chinese cities such as Beijing and Tianjin through atmospheric pathways. Pb isotope ratios indicated that Pb in Korean river sediments was characteristic of local Korean ores.  相似文献   

2.
The Neuse River estuary is part of the large Albemarle/Pamlico estuarine/lagoonal system (APES) of North Carolina. Exchange between the APES and the open ocean is restricted to inlets in the Outer Banks barrier islands. Freshwater discharge of the Neuse River is low in relation to the size of its estuary, so that the estuary is normally brackish over most of the area which accumulates fine-grained sediments. Mud (silt + clay) accumulation rates are low ( 6 mm year−1).From the mud distribution and the dynamics of suspended sediment in the estuary it has been inferred that the Neuse retains fines efficiently, with probable episodic (high discharge) losses seaward, to Pamlico Sound.As part of a study of particle transport, deposition, and accumulation in the Neuse estuary, we have collected radiochemical data (10 cores) and chemical data (seven cores) on sediment cores from the main channel of the estuary between New Bern, North Carolina and the estuary mouth. K/Al increases in the lower estuary, consistent with earlier reports of increasing illite in the clay fraction. Landward transport of sediment from Pamlico Sound is the most plausible explanation for the increasing K/Al (illite). A marine sediment source may, therefore, be important for the lower estuary.The distribution of sediment inventories (quantities per cm2 of sediment column) of particle-reactive radionuclides is consistent with the hypothesis of landward sediment transport. Inventories of excess 210Pb, 137Cs, and 239,240Pu are coherent through the estuary and show the effects of particle redistribution processes on regionally uniform inputs. To obtain excess (anthropogenic) Zn and Cu, we use metal/Al normalization to estimate natural backgrounds. Anthropogenic metal inputs are concentrated at the head of the estuary, and sediment inventories of excess Zn and Cu generally decrease seaward. Normalization of the excess Zn and excess Cu inventories to excess 210Pb inventories corrects the raw metal inventories for effects of lithology and sediment redistribution. The normalized excess Zn inventory decreases smoothly seaward, while the normalized excess Cu inventory shows an unexplained mid-estuary maximum. Low normalized inventories of anthropogenic metals at the estuary mouth indicate that little modern riverine sediment is stored there.Increasing K/Al (illite) and decreasing anthropogenic Zn and Cu in the lower estuary are thus both consistent with a predominantly marine sediment source. We conclude that landward transport of muds from Pamlico Sound has contributed significantly to the sediment balance of the lower Neuse estuary.  相似文献   

3.
We have investigated Pb concentrations and isotopic compositions in settling particles collected by sediment traps experiments over a period of two years, from May 2005 to April 2007, at two depths, 770 and 5100 m, at station KNOT in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean (44°N, 155°E). To the identify provenances of Pb, the samples were separated into two fractions by chemical leaching techniques, with the leachate expected to contain Pb of anthropogenic origin. Isotopic compositions of Pb and concentrations of Pb, Sc, Mn, La, Yb, and Th were measured by quadrupole ICP-MS. The isotope ratios of leachable Pb in settling particles were 207Pb/206Pb = 0.860 ± 0.001; 208Pb/206Pb = 2.116 ± 0.002 (mean ± 95% confidence intervals), which are similar to those of aerosols in China that are greatly affected by pollution from coal combustion. We estimated the mean contribution from anthropogenic Pb sources to the Pb in settling particles, using the conventional binary (anthropogenic and natural Pb) mixing equation for Pb isotopes, as 90% in the upper trap and 78% in the lower trap. Furthermore, we found a significant negative correlation between the isotope ratios of Pb and concentrations of leachable Mn, normalized to those of leachable Pb, suggesting that manganese oxides play an important role in transporting Pb from the upper layers of the ocean to the deeper layers. Our results support the speculation published in a previous study that Pb might be scavenged by Mn oxides in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean.  相似文献   

4.
Radionuclides (i.e., 7Be and 210Pb) can be used to trace particle and sediment dynamics and to quantify coastal oceanic processes with time scales ranging from a few days to a hundred years. Here, we study the settling dynamics of suspended particles and the implication by sedimentary heavy metals in the Wenjiao/Wenchang River and Wanquan River estuaries through the measurement of the particulate 7Be and 210Pb nuclides. Activity in the particulate phase had a range of 2.1–54.5 and 4.6–67.9 Bq kg−1 for 7Be and excess 210Pb (210Pbxs), respectively, in the Wenjiao/Wenchang River estuary. In the Wanquan River estuary, activity is in the range of 1.2–43.5 Bq kg−1 for 7Be and 6.2–194.5 Bq kg−1 for 210Pbxs. At the same time, activity in the dissolved phase had a range of 0.46–1.26 and 0.30–1.17 Bq m−3 for 7Be and 210Pb, respectively, in the Wenjiao/Wenchang River estuary; ranges of 0.10–2.31 and 0.09–1.87 Bq m−3 for 7Be and 210Pb, respectively, were observed in the Wanquan River estuary. The distribution coefficients (Kd) for the two nuclides decreased within increased in suspended particle matters (SPM) concentration and/or salinity in Wanquan River estuary. The residence times of particulate 7Be and 210Pbxs had ranges of 0.4–1.6 and 1.65–5.15 days, respectively, in the Wenjiao/Wenchang River estuary; and ranges of 0.02–3.2 and 0.61–4.44 days, respectively in the Wanquan River estuary. All residence times for the two nuclides increased in the seaward direction. In the Wenjiao/Wenchang River estuary, we found that 11.8–21.0% of Cu, 3.0–9.0% of Zn and 43.2–69.9% for Cd is removed from the water column and deposited into the estuary, and 24.2–34.8% for Cu, 7.2–23.8% for Zn, and 70.0–82.5% for Cd in the Wanquan River estuary, respectively.  相似文献   

5.
To investigate the factors controlling lead (Pb) concentration and identify the sources of Pb in Yellow Sea sediments along the Korean coast, the concentration of Pb and Pb isotopes in 87 surface and 6 core sediment samples were analyzed. The 1 M HCl leached Pb concentrations had a similar geographic distribution to those of fine-grained sediments, while the distribution of residual Pb concentrations resembled that of coarse-grained sediments. Leached Pb was presumed to be associated with manganese (Mn) oxide and iron (Fe) oxy/hydroxide, while residual Pb was associated with potassium (K)-feldspar, based on good linear relationships between the leached Pb and the Fe/Mn concentrations, and the residual Pb and K concentrations. Based on a ratio–ratio plot with three isotopes (207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb) and the geographic location of each sediment, sediments were categorized into two groups of samples as group1 and group2. Group 1 sediments, which were distributed in Gyeonggi Bay and offshore (north of 36.5°N), were determined to be a mixture of anthropogenic and natural Pb originating from the Han River, based on a 208Pb/206Pb against a Cs/Pbleached mixing plot of core and surface sediments. Group 2 sediments, which were distributed in the south of 36.5°N, also showed a two endmembers mixing relationship between materials from the Geum River and offshore materials, which had very different Pb concentrations and isotope ratios. Based on the isotopes and their concentrations in core and surface sediments, this mixing relationship was interpreted as materials from two geographically different origins being mixed, rather than anthropogenic or natural mixing of materials with the same origin. Therefore, the relative percentage of materials supplied from the Geum River was calculated using a two endmembers mixing model and estimated to be as much as about 50% at 35°N. The spatial distribution of materials derived from the Geum River represented that of fine-grained sediments originating from the Geum River. It was concluded that Pb isotopes in sediments could be used as a tracer in studies of the origin of fine-grained sediments along the Korean Yellow Sea coast.  相似文献   

6.
Hydrate-bearing sediment cores were retrieved from recently discovered seepage sites located offshore Sakhalin Island in the Sea of Okhotsk. We obtained samples of natural gas hydrates and dissolved gas in pore water using a headspace gas method for determining their molecular and isotopic compositions. Molecular composition ratios C1/C2+ from all the seepage sites were in the range of 1,500–50,000, while δ13C and δD values of methane ranged from ?66.0 to ?63.2‰ VPDB and ?204.6 to ?196.7‰ VSMOW, respectively. These results indicate that the methane was produced by microbial reduction of CO2. δ13C values of ethane and propane (i.e., ?40.8 to ?27.4‰ VPDB and ?41.3 to ?30.6‰ VPDB, respectively) showed that small amounts of thermogenic gas were mixed with microbial methane. We also analyzed the isotopic difference between hydrate-bound and dissolved gases, and discovered that the magnitude by which the δD hydrate gas was smaller than that of dissolved gas was in the range 4.3–16.6‰, while there were no differences in δ13C values. Based on isotopic fractionation of guest gas during the formation of gas hydrate, we conclude that the current gas in the pore water is the source of the gas hydrate at the VNIIOkeangeologia and Giselle Flare sites, but not the source of the gas hydrate at the Hieroglyph and KOPRI sites.  相似文献   

7.
About 120 gas seepage vents were documented along the west and southwest coast of the Hainan Island, South China Sea, in water depths usually less than 50 m. The principal seepage areas include the Lingtou Promontory, the Yinggehai Rivulet Mouth, Yazhou Bay, the Nanshan Promontory and the Tianya Promontory. They occur along three major zones, reflecting the control by faults and lateral conduits within the basement. It is estimated that the total gas emission from these seepage vents is 294–956 m3/year. The seepage gases are characterized by a high CH4 content (76%), heavy δ13C1 values (−38 to −33‰) and high C1/C1–5 ratios (0.95–1.0), resembling the thermogenic gases from the diapiric gas fields of the Yinggehai Basin. Hydrocarbon–source correlation shows that the hydrocarbons in the sediments from seepage areas can be correlated with the deeply buried Miocene source rocks and sandstone reservoirs in the central depression. The 2D basin modeling results based on a section from the source rock center to the gas seepage sites indicate that the gas-bearing fluids migrated from the source rocks upward through faults or weak zones encompassed by shale diapirism or in up-dip direction along the sandstone-rich strata of Huangliu Formation to arrive to seabed and form the nearshore gas seepages. It is suggested that the seepage gases are sourced from the Miocene source rocks in the central depression of the Yinggehai Basin. This migration model implies that the eastern slope zone between the gas source area of the central depression and the seepage zone is also favorable place for gas accumulation.  相似文献   

8.
渤海中部沉积物铅来源的同位素示踪   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
本研究对渤海中部表层和柱状沉积物中Pb的含量和同位素进行了分析,研究了其时空分布规律,并探讨了其物质来源。结果表明,表层沉积物中Pb的含量为14.54×10-6~59.42×10-6,其含量在渤海湾近岸、黄河口附近、研究区的东北部较高,而在研究区的中部和渤海湾北部含量较低;Pb同位素207Pb/206Pb的值为0.8341~0.8489,208Pb/206Pb的值为2.0828~2.0980。岩心沉积物中Pb含量、同位素组成与表层沉积物相似,整体上较为稳定,但在1990s以来呈现增大的趋势。渤海中部沉积物中Pb以自然来源为主,黄河沉积物是其主要物质来源,但渤海湾北端则与滦河源物质或沿岸侵蚀相关;人类活动影响主要出现在1990s以后,与中国含Pb矿石的燃烧等工业活动相关,但影响微弱,仅在黄河口西北近岸海域、渤海湾等个别站位得到体现。  相似文献   

9.
Distributions of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in seawater and sediment from Mljet National Park, Adriatic Sea are presented for the first time. Natural and anthropogenic factors play an important role in determining resultant trace metals' concentrations in the region. We place particular emphasis on the saline “lakes” of Malo Jezero and Veliko Jezero, which have restricted flows of seawater. In Malo Jezero lake, fresh karstic spring water generated by flooding, and weathering of dolomites are the main sources of naturally elevated Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations (20.7 ± 1.6, 289 ± 19, 1260 ± 0.08 ng L?1, respectively); anthropogenic input is negligible. In Veliko Jezero lake enhanced Cu and Zn contents originate from anthropogenic input (tourism and agriculture). Distributions of the Pb and Zn in the water columns of both lakes are influenced by natural aragonite precipitation and sedimentation. Exceptionally high total Hg concentrations of 24.2 and 33.7 ng L?1 in the water column of Malo Jezero, sampled during periods of high rainfall associated with strong eastern winds, suggest an airborne input. Total Hg concentrations in waters of both lakes are elevated because of inefficient mixing. Two different metal distribution patterns exist in the sediment columns. First, Hg, Pb, Cu and Zn show elevated concentrations in recent sediments due to anthropogenic input. Second, Cd content increases with depth due to reprecipitation via a downward redox boundary shift.Described natural processes, as well as anthropogenic influence, enhance levels of trace metals. Careful study followed by suitable interpretation based on geochemical data were necessary to distinguish natural from anthropogenic sources.  相似文献   

10.
Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) shoot density, seed-bearing shoot abundance, shoot length, and standing stock biomass were monitored during summer months from 1985 to 2000 at three locations in eastern Long Island Sound (LIS) near Millstone Power Station (MPS), Waterford, Connecticut, USA. Short-term declines in eelgrass abundance were directly associated with fouling and overgrowth of eelgrass on two occasions; once by blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and once by a bloom of green algae (Cladophora spp.). Analysis of long-term trends indicated some degree of decline in most of the parameters examined at all three areas monitored. The spatial relationship of the long-term eelgrass declines suggests primary causal factors other than the power plant discharge or regional climate change. Two populations to the east of MPS and near the fringes of the thermal plume (<1.5 km from the MPS discharge to LIS) exhibited only slight declines over the 16-y study period and thermal input from MPS to these sites was minimal (<1 °C above ambient conditions). By comparison, heavy eelgrass losses were documented in the Niantic River, located >2 km from the power plant thermal plume. Die-offs of entire individual eelgrass study beds in the Niantic River were observed on five separate occasions during the study with no sign of recovery. While the causes were not determined, anthropogenic influences such as nutrient loading from surface run-off and groundwater sources may have contributed to observed declines. The Niantic River has a more restricted tidal inlet and is closer to sources of nutrient enrichment than Jordan Cove. Historically, eelgrass has ranged to far western reaches of LIS, but over the last century has become restricted to the easternmost third of the Connecticut coastline due to nutrient loading and eutrophication of the western portions. This study suggests that the west-to-east declining trend in eelgrass distribution in LIS may be further progressing.  相似文献   

11.
The accumulation of sediments, trace metals and hydrocarbons has been estimated from the analysis of the sediment from six coring sites in Narragansett Bay. Radionuclides (234Thxs, 210Pbxs, 239,240Pu) with known input functions and trace metals (Cu, Pb) were used. We estimate that 6·9 × 104 tons of sediments, 51–90 tons of Pb, 72–100 tons of Cu and 400–1000 tons of total hydrocarbons accumulate annually under present conditions in the bay. This represents 64–117% (Pb), 89–123% (Cu) and 23–58% (hydrocarbons), respectively, of present day inputs to the bay. Furthermore, close to 100% of the particle-reactive radionuclides 210Pb and 239,240Pu accumulate in the bay. Present day inputs to the bay were calculated independently as 77–80 tons Pb and 81 tons of Cu. Sewage effluents were the dominant source of Cu, whereas atmospheric deposition and urban runoff were most important for Pb. Dredging activities by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1946 and 1971 removed more sediments from the bay than would have accumulated during the same time in the undredged areas of the bay. Copper smelting and coal mining on the shores of the upper bay during 1866–1880 left an imprint in the sediments which is still evident. Model derived accumulation rates of Pb, Cu and coal during that time were 3–4 times present-day inputs.  相似文献   

12.
叶翔  李靖  王爱军 《海洋学报》2018,40(7):79-89
滨海湿地作为人类活动和全球变化反应最为敏感的区域,其沉积记录可以反映出周边地区环境变化及人类活动信息。珠江口淇澳岛滨海湿地钻孔分析结果表明,在中全新世期间淇澳岛附近海域为河口湾环境,在风化层以上开始出现淤积,但在4 200 a BP前后受极冷气候的影响,沉积物粗化;自2 500 a BP以来,沉积环境相对稳定,在小冰期期间略有变化。沉积速率计算结果显示:淇澳岛附近海域自中全新世高海面以来的平均沉积速率为0.29 cm/a,4 160~2 500 a BP、2 500 a BP-1488年、1488-1893年、1893-1986年、1990-2007年期间的平均沉积速率分别为:0.17 cm/a、0.23 cm/a、0.35 cm/a、1.37 cm/a和5.94 cm/a,沉积速率逐渐增大,反映了珠江三角洲演化过程中沉积相与沉积环境的变化;1986-1990年期间的海堤建造极大地扰动了该钻孔上部的沉积过程,在工程施工期间共沉积了厚度约112 cm的沉积层,而在海堤建成后,沉积速率也显著增大。沉积物总有机碳、总氮和C/N值的垂向分布表明,在4 160~2 500 a BP期间受海洋环境影响较大,沉积物中有机碳以海源为主,2 500 a BP以来沉积物中碳、氮含量明显增大,C/N也相应变大,有机碳主要来源于陆源输入,但在小冰期期间海源有机碳贡献略有所增大;近百年来由于受人类活动影响显著,陆源有机碳的贡献快速增加。  相似文献   

13.
The plot of210Pb activity against depth in carbonate sands on the Virgin Island Bank is a negative asymmetric hyperbolic curve. As depth increases, an initial rapid decrease in210Pb activity caused by the decay of unsupported210Pb and226Ra is followed by increasing activity as a result of210Pb achieving equilibrium with ingrowing230Th. As this curve is time dependent, an estimate of the relative ages in carbonate sequences and the rates of net carbonate accumulation can be made. The ease of210Pb activity determinations makes this procedure an attractive method in obtaining carbonate sand accumulation rates.  相似文献   

14.
Seagrasses provide important ecological services that directly or indirectly benefit human well-being and the environment. Excess nitrogen inputs are a major cause of eelgrass loss in the marine environment. Here we describe the results of a study aimed at quantifying the extent of eelgrass as a function of predicted watershed-derived nitrogen loading for small-to-medium-sized shallow estuaries in New England. Findings confirm that reduced extent of eelgrass corresponds to increased loading of nitrogen to this class of estuary. At lower levels of nitrogen loading (≤50 Kg ha−1 yr−1), eelgrass extent is variable and is likely controlled by other ecosystem factors unrelated to water quality. At higher loading rates, eelgrass coverage decreases markedly, with essentially no eelgrass at loading levels ≥100 Kg ha−1 yr−1.  相似文献   

15.
The concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn were determined in above- and belowground parts of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) at forty stations in a shallow, brackish water area (the Limfjord, Denmark). The concentrations of the trace metals were significantly elevated near the cities of Aalborg (Pb, Cu) and Struer (Cd). Trace metal concentrations in above and belowground parts of eelgrass were log-normal distributed and the concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn in aboveground parts were significantly higher than in belowground parts. Furthermore, a significant correlation between trace metal concentrations in above- and belowground parts was found. The background level of trace metal concentrations in eelgrass in the Limfjord was estimated.The application of eelgrass as a monitoring organism is discussed; it is suggested that the concentration of some trace metals in above- and belowground parts of eelgrass may be used as a measure of the bioavailable fraction of these trace metals in ambient and interstitial water (sediment), respectively.  相似文献   

16.
Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd have been determined in leaves, stems and roots of Spartina maritima and Halimione portulacoides from the Tagus estuary salt mash (Corroios) and in the sediments between their roots. Biological materials and sediments were sampled every 2 months, between July 1991 and July 1992. Root biomass increased from July to September and from January to March. The greatest metal concentrations occurred in the roots, with lowest levels in January and increasing levels during the growth periods. Zn, Pb and Cu in sediments exhibited a corresponding change in concentrations, reaching maximum in January and subsequently decreasing in spring. The ratios between metal concentrations in the root and in sediments were higher for H. portulacoides when compared to S. maritima, whose roots are surrounded by a more acidic and reduced sediment environment. It was concluded, therefore, that H. portulacoides is a more effective accumulator of metals than S. maritima, and both root-sediment systems exhibited a seasonal variation of metal concentrations.  相似文献   

17.
Submarine canyons represent natural conduits for preferential transport of particulate material, including anthropogenic contaminants, from coastal zones directly to the deep sea. To assess related dispersal of natural and anthropogenic lead (Pb), we analyzed Pb concentrations and stable isotope ratios in surface sediments and sediment trap particulate material from the Portuguese margin Nazaré and Setúbal/Lisbon canyons. Geochemical data are integrated with previously obtained data on near-bottom hydrodynamics and processes and pathways of sediment transport. The two canyon systems are located in close geographic proximity to each other, but represent contrasting settings in terms of sediment input and down-canyon sediment transport processes.Concentration–isotope diagrams and three-isotope plots (206Pb/207Pb vs. 208Pb/206Pb) suggest binary mixing between natural and anthropogenic end members. The inferred isotopic signature of pollutant Pb (206Pb/207Pb=1.143 [1.134–1.149, 95% confidence interval]) is most consistent with industrial Pb; ongoing influence from gasoline Pb additives is at most of minor importance. Two proposed natural end members most likely bracket the isotopic signature of natural Pb. Accordingly, binary mixing calculations indicate that on average 20–45% vs. 35–55% of total Pb is derived from anthropogenic sources in the Nazaré and Setúbal–Lisbon canyon systems, respectively. Enhanced anthropogenic influence in the latter area is consistent with its proximity to heavily populated and industrialized areas and with sediment input from the Tagus and Sado rivers, potential major carriers of pollutant particles. In both canyon systems, the anthropogenic component generally decreases with increasing water depth.Isotopic signatures of sediment trap particulate material are generally consistent with surface sediment data at similar water depth, but show large variability in the upper Nazaré canyon and major deviations from surface sediments in the lower canyon. In the lower canyon, Pb isotopic ratios of sediment trap particulate material mostly reflect low pelagic fluxes from the overlying water column, whereas surface sediment signatures are dominated by episodic down-canyon mass transport events. Such gravity flows appear to incorporate older (pre-industrial) material masking the isotopic signature of pollutant Pb. Large variability in the upper canyon reflects continuous sediment resuspension by bottom currents. Stronger average bottom currents are associated with higher 206Pb/207Pb ratios of sediment trap particulate material and hence decreased influence of pollutant Pb. This may reflect preferential resuspension of natural Pb at the canyon floor and/or additional remobilization of older, less-polluted sediment in adjacent areas such as the canyon walls.  相似文献   

18.
Arctic sea ice can incorporate sediment and associated chemical species during its formation in shallow shelf environments and can also intercept atmospherically transported material during transit. Release of this material in ice ablation areas (e.g. the Fram Strait) enhances fluxes of both sediments and associated species in such areas. We have used a suite of natural (7Be, 210Pb) and anthropogenic (137Cs, 239Pu, 240Pu) radionuclides in sea ice, sea-ice sediments (SIS), sediment trap material and bottom sediments from the Fram Strait to estimate transit times of sea ice from source to ablation areas, calculate radionuclide fluxes to the Fram Strait and investigate the role of sea-ice entrained sediments in sedimentation processes. Sea ice intercepts and transports the atmospherically supplied radionuclides 7Be and 210Pb, which are carried in the ice and are scavenged by any entrained SIS. All of the 7Be and most of the excess 210Pb measured in SIS collected in the Fram Strait are added to the ice during transit through the Arctic Ocean, and we use these radionuclides as chronometers to calculate ice transit times for individual ice floes. Transit times estimated from the 210Pb inventories in two ice cores are 1–3 years. Values estimated from the 7Be/210Pbexcess activity ratio of SIS are about 3–5 years. Finally, equilibrium values of the activity ratio of 210Pb to its granddaughter 210Po in the ice cores indicate transit times of at least 2 years. These transit times are consistent with back-trajectory analyses of the ice floes. The latter, as well as the clay-mineral assemblage of the SIS (low smectite and high illite content), suggest that the sampled sea-ice floes originated from the eastern Siberian Arctic shelf seas such as the eastern Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea. This result is in agreement with the relatively low activities of 239,240Pu and 137Cs and the 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios (∼0.18, equivalent to that in global fallout) in SIS, indicating that prior global atmospheric fallout, rather than nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities, forms the main source of these anthropogenic radionuclides reaching the western Fram Strait at the time of sampling (1999). Transport of radionuclides by sea ice through the Arctic Ocean, either associated with entrained SIS or dissolved in the ice, accounts for a significant flux in ablation areas such as the Fram Strait, up to several times larger than the current atmospheric flux in the area. Calculated fluxes derived from sea-ice melting compare well to fluxes obtained from sediment traps deployed in the Fram Strait and are consistent with inventories in bottom sediments. 240Pu/239Pu atomic ratios lower than 0.18 in bottom sediments from the Fram Strait provide evidence that plutonium from a source other than atmospheric fallout has reached the area. Most likely sources of this Pu include tropospheric fallout from atomic weapons testing of the former Soviet Union prior to 1963 and Pu released from nuclear reprocessing facilities, intercepted and transported by sea ice to the ablation areas. Future work is envisaged to more thoroughly understand the actual mechanisms by which radionuclides are incorporated in sea ice, focusing on the quantification of the efficiency of scavenging by SIS and the effect of melting and refreezing processes over the course of several years during transit.  相似文献   

19.
This study collates published and unpublished data on the ichthyofaunas associated with beds of eelgrass Zostera capensis in eight estuaries and one lagoon in southern Africa. These macrophyte beds are utilized predominantly by small teleosts, both species which breed in the estuary and juvenile marine fish. By far the most abundant of the 97 species of fish recorded in these beds were Atherina breviceps, Gilchristella aestuaria, Liza dumerilii, Liza richardsonii and Rhabdosargus holubi. Classification grouped the ichthyofaunas of the six warm-temperate estuaries in the South-Eastern and Southern Cape at a similarity level >50 per cent. Ordination produced a similar clustering and also demonstrated that the subtropical Richards Bay and warm-temperate Mngazana estuary, together with the cold-temperate Langebaan Lagoon, were outliers. Classification and ordination showed that, within an estuary, the ichthyofaunas of dense and sparse Zostera areas were more similar than either was with those of non-vegetated areas. The species richness (R) of fish within eelgrass habitats along the southern African coast tended to decrease from north-east to south-west, a trend attributable to an attenuation in the number of tropical/subtropical Indo-Pacific species. The numerically dominant fish families in eelgrass beds in South Africa showed a greater degree of overlap with those of south-eastern Australia than with those of either southern Japan or eastern North America.  相似文献   

20.
邻近城市土壤重金属对九龙江口沉积土壤的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
在研究建立于漳州地区生态地球化学调查基础上,对河口湾沉积物的重金属与人口高度集中的城市地区土壤重金属的分布特征进行了对比,分析了人为活动对河口的影响,结果表明,城区与河口湾表层样品都舍有相对区域基准值较高的Hg、Cd,而且Hg富集系数要远高于Cd的富集系数。分析两种元素来源与迁移方式可知,Hg由于可通过气态形式迁移而对河口影响更大。城区与河口湾样品的重金属进行聚类分析与主因子分析结果表明：城区土壤的As、Zn、Mo、Ni、Cr和Mn主要来自基岩来源。Pb、Se、Cd可以作为人为污染的指示元素,Hg、Sn显示与其他元素具有相对独立的行为。河口湾的元素组合与城区重金属基本相似,但Pb、Cu、Se、Mo、Cd显示出两种因素都有较大影响,可以指示人为影响与基岩源的双重作用。  相似文献   

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