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泥石流冲毁桥墩是桥梁在遭受泥石流冲击时的常见破坏形式。为了研究泥石流对桥墩的冲击力大小,通过调整黏土、沙、石子、水的不同含量,配置不同流变特性、不同密度的泥石流,使用所配置的原料在泥石流槽内对两种形状（圆形、方形）的桥墩缩尺模型进行冲击,综合考察了流变特性、流速、桥墩形状以及冲击力的关系。试验表明：试验配置的泥石流原料流变特性差异明显,且可以用简单的选择流变仪测得,用牛顿流体或宾汉体描述。泥石流的流速可用曼宁公式求得,而公式中的糙率系数与泥石流黏度满足幂函数关系。相同工况下,不同形状桥墩所受的冲击力差异明显,方形桥墩阻力系数普遍大于圆形桥墩。使用非牛顿流体雷诺数（Re）可以综合反映流变特性和流速,因此,圆墩的阻力系数可表达为Re的函数,而方墩则没有明显关系。为方便工程应用,可根据黏性泥石流、稀性泥石流对圆墩的阻力系数分别为2.3、0.9,对方墩分别为2.6、1.9进行选用。 相似文献
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《岩土力学》2021,(2)
泥石流冲毁桥墩是桥梁的遭受泥石流冲击的常见破坏形式。为了研究泥石流对桥墩的冲击力大小,本文通过调整黏土、沙、石子、水的不同含量,配置不同流变特性、不同密度的泥石流,使用得到的原料在泥石流槽内对两种形状(圆形、方形)的桥墩缩尺模型进行冲击,综合考察了流变特性、流速、桥墩形状以及冲击力的关系。试验表明:试验配置的泥石流原料流变特性差异明显,且可以用简单的选择流变仪测得,用牛顿流体或宾汉体描述。泥石流的流速可用曼宁公式求得,而公式中的糙率系数与泥石流黏度满足幂函数关系。相同工况下,不同形状桥墩所受的冲击力差异明显,方形桥墩阻力系数普遍大于圆形桥墩。使用非牛顿流体雷诺数(Re)可以综合反映流变特性和流速,因此圆墩的阻力系数可表达为Re的函数,而方墩则没有明显关系。为方便工程应用,可根据粘性泥石流、稀性泥石流对圆墩的阻力系数分别为2.3、0.9,对方墩分别为2.6、1.9,进行选用。 相似文献
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《岩土力学》2020,(2)
泥石流冲毁桥墩是桥梁的遭受泥石流冲击的常见破坏形式。为了研究泥石流对桥墩的冲击力大小,本文通过调整黏土、沙、石子、水的不同含量,配置不同流变特性、不同密度的泥石流,使用得到的原料在泥石流槽内对两种形状(圆形、方形)的桥墩缩尺模型进行冲击,综合考察了流变特性、流速、桥墩形状以及冲击力的关系。试验表明:试验配置的泥石流原料流变特性差异明显,且可以用简单的选择流变仪测得,用牛顿流体或宾汉体描述。泥石流的流速可用曼宁公式求得,而公式中的糙率系数与泥石流黏度满足幂函数关系。相同工况下,不同形状桥墩所受的冲击力差异明显,方形桥墩阻力系数普遍大于圆形桥墩。使用非牛顿流体雷诺数(Re)可以综合反映流变特性和流速,因此圆墩的阻力系数可表达为Re的函数,而方墩则没有明显关系。为方便工程应用,可根据粘性泥石流、稀性泥石流对圆墩的阻力系数分别为2.3、0.9,对方墩分别为2.6、1.9,进行选用。 相似文献
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本文分析了主要由冰滑坡和冰崩入湖导致的冰湖溃决的机理和条件.进而,从气候条件、水文条件、终碛堤、冰湖规模、冰滑坡、沟床特征和固体物质补给等方面分析了冰湖溃决泥石流的形成条件和特点,归纳出冰湖溃决泥石流沿程演化的6种模式:溃决洪水-稀性泥石流、溃决洪水-黏性泥石流、溃决洪水-稀性泥石流-黏性泥石流、溃决洪水-黏性泥石流-稀性泥石流、溃决洪水-稀性泥石流-黏性泥石流-稀性泥石流和溃决洪水-黏性泥石流-稀性泥石流-洪水.针对冰湖溃决泥石流突发性强、频度低、洪峰高、流量大、流量过程暴涨暴落、破坏力强和灾害波及范围广等特点,提出了7点减灾对策. 相似文献
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康马县涅如藏布流域乃隆、卢村、色肖等3个山地泥石流灾害的主要类型为洪水稀性泥石流。根据其类型和规模应采用排导、物源拦截等以排导为主的整治措施,确保区内保护目标安全渡汛。 相似文献
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减缓和消除泥石流对桥墩的冲击作用对大桥安全至关重要。以品字形桩林作为防护结构,结合泥石流运动特征参数和桥墩宽度等因素,提出了一种桩林结构尺寸的设计原则。先通过模拟泥石流中大块石对不同型式桩林结构的冲击作用获得了桩林结构的最佳布置方式,然后采用SPH(光滑粒子流体动力学)-FEM(有限元)结合的方法分析了含大块石泥石流对设置品字形桩林结构情况下桥墩的冲击作用。结果表明：大块石与泥石流浆体共同撞击桥墩的冲击力为3 843 kN,远大于无防护时纯泥石流浆体对桥墩冲击力1 840 kN和有防护时的1 452 kN;桩间距3.0 m、桩排距1.0 m是品字形桩林结构最为合理稳固的布置方式;设置防护结构时桥墩所受泥石流浆体的冲击力峰值、墩底应力峰值和数值模拟t=8.0 s时墩底位移峰值相比于无防护状态下分别减小了约21.1%、79.0%和29.4%。采用品字形桩林防护结构对于桥墩受泥石流冲击破坏有相当显著的防护作用。 相似文献
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北京市门头沟区清水镇达摩沟历史上曾发生多次严重泥石流灾害。根据该流域泥石流的灾害历史和发育特征,采用现场调查、地质勘查和室内试验等方法,分析了其形成的地质地貌条件、气象水文条件、土壤植被条件及人类工程活动的影响,查明了达摩沟泥石流为降雨激发的高容重低粘性的过渡或稀性沟谷形泥石流。采用颗粒分析、电镜扫描、X射线衍射分析和室内物理力学性质试验等方法重点对物质条件进行了较为全面深入的研究,提出了以生物措施为主、工程措施为辅,治理与环境保护、经济发展相结合,泥石流监测预警体系和应急体系建设相结合等综合防治措施。 相似文献
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冰湖溃决洪水具有范围广、持续时间长、危害大并经常伴随有泥石流发生等特点。目前针对冰湖溃决洪水动力演化特征的定量研究相对匮乏。为此,对次仁玛错冰湖溃决洪水灾害演化特征进行研究,以实地调查及多期遥感影像为基础,并采用泥沙输移模型和水动力模型耦合方法揭示冰湖溃决洪水侵蚀演化特征。模型基于精度为12.5 m的数字高程(DEM)地形数据,模拟反演1981年次仁玛错冰湖溃决洪水动力演化过程,与实测结果进行对比,验证模型的适用性和可行性,并对冰湖再次溃决进行预测分析,定量评价冰湖溃决洪水在演进过程中流深、流速、侵蚀和沉积特征。溃决洪水在演进过程中对章藏布支沟冰碛物及下游沟岸松散坡积物进行冲刷侵蚀,高含沙洪水逐渐演化为稀性泥石流,在707滑坡处流深8~10 m,最大流速13.7 m·s^(-1),侵蚀深度8~9 m。稀性泥石流在主沟沉积形成堰塞坝,坝高9~11 m,短暂堵塞波曲河。稀性泥石流对樟木口岸下游滑坡群坡脚进行冲刷侧蚀,侵蚀深度约10~13 m,易引发大规模次生灾害,稀性泥石流到达水电站处,淤埋水电站进水口,导致水电站失效。整体来看,溃决洪水在演进过程中,洪水对上游沟床及沟岸进行强烈的侵蚀夹带,洪峰流量增强,在中游,稀性泥石流对沟岸进行侧蚀,在沟道狭窄处流速增大,下切侵蚀增强,在沟道宽阔处,流速降低,固体物质沉积,整体达到冲淤平衡,洪峰流量随距离逐渐衰减,至下游,沟道地形开阔,流速放缓,稀性泥石流逐渐沉积,同时对沟道两岸进行侧蚀,整体为沉积。模型可以良好地揭示冰湖溃决洪水灾害侵蚀演化动力特征。 相似文献
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After the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, mountainous areas in SW China are recognized as a region with highly active and perilous landslides and debris flows. The frequent impacts of debris flow are a major threat to bridge piers located in debris flow gullies. It is an important issue for guaranteeing the safety of railway bridges in areas prone to hazardous debris flows. Previous research has achieved significant results characterizing the initiation and mechanisms for debris flow, and their interactions with some structures. However, there has been little research on the dynamic pressure of debris flow on bridge pier caused by different debris flows. In this study, the measurement and estimation of the impact pressure and dynamic behavior of debris flows on scaled bridge piers were conducted. Nine pressure sensors were used to measure the impact pressure of debris flows. Flow velocities and flow depths were determined at the end of a flume using a high-speed camera. The results show that the impact pressure differed between different types of debris flows. The distribution of impact pressures from high-viscosity debris flows indicated three layers, with different features in individual event. In comparison, a layered structure was not observed in low-viscosity debris flows. Based on dimensional analyses, the impact pressure depended on Froude number (Fr) and Reynolds number (Re). For low-viscosity debris flows, the dimensionless impact pressures were power functions of Fr, while for high-viscosity debris flows, the dimensionless impact pressures were power functions of both Re and Fr. The impact frequencies of low-viscosity and high-viscosity debris flows showed considerable differences based on spectral analysis. Compared to high-viscosity debris flows, low-viscosity debris flows were characterized by relatively high velocity, strong striking pressure, and high impact frequency. 相似文献
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Flexible barriers undergo large deformation to extend the impact duration, and thereby reduce the impact load of geophysical flows. The performance of flexible barriers remains a crucial challenge because there currently lacks a comprehensive criterion for estimating impact load. In this study, a series of centrifuge tests were carried out to investigate different geophysical flow types impacting an instrumented flexible barrier. The geophysical flows modelled include covered in this study include flood, hyperconcentrated flow, debris flow, and dry debris avalanche. Results reveal that the relationship between the Froude number, Fr, and the pressure coefficient α strongly depends on the formation of static deposits called dead zones which induce static loads and whether a run-up or pile-up impact mechanism develops. Test results demonstrate that flexible barriers can attenuate peak impact loads of flood, hyperconcentrated flow, and debris flow by up to 50% compared to rigid barriers. Furthermore, flexible barriers attenuate the impact load of dry debris avalanche by enabling the dry debris to reach an active failure state through large deformation. Examination of the state of static debris deposits behind the barriers indicates that hyperconcentrated and debris flows are strongly influenced by whether excessive pore water pressures regulate the depositional process of particles during the impact process. This results in significant particle rearrangement and similar state of static debris behind rigid barrier and the deformed full-retention flexible barrier, and thus the static loads on both barriers converge. 相似文献
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潜入点的水流泥沙条件是异重流的发生条件和持续条件,受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。初期潜入点Fr代表异重流的发生条件,而稳定潜入点Fr则代表异重流的持续条件。通过一系列的低浓度浊流和高浓度浊流及泥石流的异重流潜入点的实验研究,分析对比低浓度浊流和高浓度浊流及泥石流的异重流的关系,得到在均匀顺直水槽中的异重流初期的潜入点Fr规律。提出在一定的水槽宽度、泥沙浓度条件下,异重流的初期潜入点Fr与头部流速成正比。与其它文献不同研究条件的实验结果对比有很好的一致性,说明该研究结论有很好的可靠性。该研究结论的适用范围为初期潜入点,不适用于稳定潜入点和初期潜入点与稳定潜入点之间的过渡阶段。但高浓度浊流和泥石流的异重流初期潜入点Fr与其稳定潜入点Fr很接近,粘性泥石流的异重流更接近。 相似文献
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Xuzhen He Dongfang Liang Wei Wu Guoqing Cai Chenggang Zhao Shun Wang 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2018,42(11):1217-1234
This study uses an incompressible smoothed‐particle hydrodynamics model to investigate the interaction between dry granular material flows and rigid barriers. The primary aim is to summarise some practical guidelines for the design of debris‐resisting barriers. The granular materials are modelled as a rigid‐perfectly plastic material where the plastic flow corresponds to the critical state. The coupled continuity equation and momentum equation are solved by a semi‐implicit algorithm. Compared with flows in controlled flume experiments, the model adequately reproduces both the kinetic of the flows and the impact force under various conditions. Then the numerical simulations are used to study the detailed interaction process. It is illustrated quantitatively that the interaction force consists of two parts, ie, the earth pressure force caused by the weight of the soil and a dynamic force caused by the internal deformation (flowing mass on top of a dead zone). For the estimation of impact load, this study suggests that an increased earth pressure coefficient depending on the Froude number should be incorporated into the hydrostatic model. 相似文献
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川藏铁路某车站位于藏东南冻错曲沟谷内,处于泥石流集中暴发区。采用现场调查、遥感解译等方法对影响车站的泥石流群孕灾环境和发育特征进行了深入研究。结果表明:该区以发育包括10条暴雨型泥石流与2条冰湖溃决泥石流在内的泥石流群为特征,地形地貌、水源动力和物源对泥石流群的发育起主要控制性作用。泥石流沟的流域形态完整系数集中在0.15～0.55之间,多为长条形与栎叶形,沟床的纵比降整体偏大,有利于泥石流的水源汇聚和发生。而泥石流流域内的沟道岸坡坡度多为20°～40°,相对有利于泥石流物源的补给。对该泥石流群中的12条泥石流沟进行动力学参数计算,分析其运动特征和发展趋势,认为该泥石流群的堆积扇普遍比较明显且未修建防治工程,在极端暴雨条件下,再次暴发较大规模泥石流的可能性大。最后评价了单沟暴发及冻错曲两岸对冲暴发场景下泥石流群对线路的潜在工程影响并给出了防治对策,建议线路在穿越泥石流沟部位布设排导槽或停淤堤进行束流归流,并对桥墩做好迎水面防块石撞击措施。研究结果对川藏铁路泥石流防治工程规划设计具有一定指导意义,也可为山区交通干线的合理选线提供科学依据。 相似文献
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2010年8月14日,汶川县映秀镇强降雨导致红椿沟暴发特大泥石流灾害,冲出固体物质80.5104m3,泥石流堵塞岷江,导致河水改道冲入映秀镇,淤埋了沟口G213国道,毁坏了在建的映汶高速公路引桥路基及桥墩。据调查,在泥石流灾害发生前,沟域内即分布有大量的地震崩滑物源,沟道堵塞极其严重,在持续强降雨下极易发生泥石流。为预防再次暴发泥石流灾害,对红椿沟开展了详细调查,结果显示沟域尚有剩余物源量310.14104m3,其中动储量达98.4104m3,在强降雨条件下再次暴发大规模泥石流灾害可能性较大。本文在对红椿沟8 14特大泥石流暴发特征介绍基础上,分析了现状条件下泥石流的活动特征,并预测其发展趋势,最后结合泥石流沟工程治理设计思路及工程布置的作用,提出了全流域综合治理设计理念,即中、上游稳坡固源拦挡,下游固床+排导相结合的系统工程治理,通过稳源固坡、分级拦挡、分散淤积、调蓄消能、减势排导等系统的工程措施,达到控制灾害性泥石流发生的目的,确保映秀镇映秀新区、G213国道、映汶高速公路的安全。在工程竣工后的2011年7、8月两次强降雨时,红椿沟未有固体物质出沟进入岷江,治理工程效果得到了初步检验,体现了针对巨灾型泥石流沟采用全流域综合工程治理设计理念有较好效果。 相似文献
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Landslides and debris flows that occur around residential areas are considered, globally, as significant disasters that cause damage to human life and property. With terrain slope defining the flow characteristics of debris flows, flow depth, flow velocity, and impact force vary by time and distance. In particular, when a structure is located in the flow path of debris flows, the flow characteristics of debris flows vary by terrain slope and direction angle. To simulate the flow characteristics of these debris flows, the simulation results obtained by FLO-2D were analyzed with six-stage conditions for the research area. In the analysis, the flow depth, flow velocity, and impact force were estimated on the basis of the outlet of the research area in the presence and absence of structure(s) at certain distances. With this, the variation of the impact force in accordance with the variation of the flow depth of the debris flows was highly similar to the simulation results obtained by FLO-2D, when the correction index (α) of the suggested dynamic impact force equation was 0.3–0.4. There were sections where the estimated value of the impact force was overestimated near the outlet, and it was judged that the fixed values of the terrain factors (width, roughness coefficient, slope, etc.) caused the impact force to be overestimated. However, the correlation analysis showed that the correlation index was above the normal ranges in the suggested dynamic impact force equation for debris flows with the application of the terrain factors. 相似文献
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柔性防护网是防治泥石流灾害的重要工程措施之一,现有防治结构以闭口防护网形式为主,易发生堵塞且调控能力欠佳。为此,提出一种开口柔性防护网结构,并基于理论分析、物理模型试验开展了开口柔性防护网对泥石流的调控性能研究,推导泥石流速度衰减率、爬升高度和柔性防护网拦挡率的理论公式。结果表明：与闭口柔性防护网结构相比,该结构起到了良好的自清洁作用,且可有效调控泥石流速度峰值;所推导的无量纲理论公式计算结果与物理试验结果具有较好的一致性;速度衰减率、爬升高度和拦挡率主要由相对开口高度、无量纲流深、泥石流相对密度和弗罗德数控制;速度衰减率和拦挡率与相对开口高度呈负相关,与泥石流相对密度呈正相关,爬升高度与相对开口高度、相对密度均呈负相关。上述研究可为开口柔性防护网在泥石流防治工程中的应用提供理论及技术支持。 相似文献
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水下泥石流阻力与陆面中泥石流运动阻力的不同点在于上表面的掺混阻力和剪切阻力。由一系列的室内无水滑的水下泥石流和陆面泥石流实验研究得出:水下泥石流运动速度与相同条件下陆面泥石流运动速度之比随不同性质的泥石流,如粘性和稀性泥石流,由于其屈服应力的巨大差别,有很大的不同。由实验得到的由泥石流体的容重和量纲为一的泥石流屈服应力表达的水下无水滑泥石流运动速度和陆面泥石流运动速度用于无水滑水下泥石流运动速度计算较好。 相似文献