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1.
《岩土力学》2017,(Z1):189-194
采用土工离心机试验,研究正断层和逆断层错动引起上覆饱和黏土层在20步连续断层错动作用下的变形特性以及裂缝扩展的规律。研究结果显示,正断层错动后地表呈现多条且平行断层面的张拉裂缝,随着错动量的增大,正断层破裂逐渐偏离基岩断层的错动方向,偏向上盘一侧,裂缝逐渐向上盘的方向开裂,裂缝主要发生在断层延长线附近;逆断层错动后地表裂缝均分布在上盘,而且离断层尖端延长线较远,产生的裂缝较细、数量较少,随着断层错动量的增大,地表位移增大,靠近断层下盘一侧的地表受断层错动影响较小,位于断层上盘一侧的地表则随着断层错动显著移动;随着断层错动量的增大,最大地表坡度随之增大,正断层引起的最大坡度的位置逐渐向上盘方向移动,逆断层引起的最大坡度的位置逐渐向下盘方向移动,逆断层的影响范围比正断层的影响范围更广。 相似文献
2.
数次大地震震害调查表明,隧道穿越断层处是受地震破坏较为严重的区域。为此,基于地震动能量的传播与释放特征,建立了一种穿越断层隧道结构抗减震的设计理念,并提出了一种穿越断层隧道节段接头形式。以跨断层龙溪隧道为依托,采用振动台模型试验研究了单一错动方式与断层错动-震动综合加载方式下带有接头的衬砌结构响应。研究结果证明：强震作用下,地震波对穿越断层隧道的影响是不可忽略的,断层错动-震动综合加载方式是合理的;新型接头能够自身适应性变形协调减轻隧道结构震害,节段间接头的设置改变了隧道的变形形态,提高隧道整体抗震能力;同时减小了衬砌的环向破坏,消弱了节段间地震力的传递,实现了衬砌震害的局部化。由于接头的设置,上盘隧道结构震害集中在距断层1.8倍洞径的范围内,下盘处隧道衬砌震害集中在距断层1.2倍洞径范围内;上盘的衬砌震害主要是由错动-震动联合作用造成的,而下盘衬砌震害主要受地震动的影响。 相似文献
3.
隧道斜交穿越地裂缝的模型试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
西安地区由北向南间隔分布有十多条近东西走向的地裂缝,建设中的多条地铁线路与地裂缝呈斜交状态。为了揭示地铁隧道斜交穿越地裂缝时受地裂缝活动而产生的力学性状变化,采用50:1几何相似比尺的物理模型试验仪,在合理模拟围岩地层、衬砌结构、应力条件、地裂缝与洞轴线交角及其错动位移基础上,开展了斜交地裂缝活动条件下隧道衬砌结构与围岩相互作用的物理模型试验研究,并与正交地裂缝活动下的测试结果进行了对比分析。表明斜交地裂缝活动对地铁隧道的影响范围更大,各变形缝均有明显的沉降差发展;邻近斜交地裂缝的衬砌结构易处于“悬臂梁”受力状态,衬砌结构不均匀沉降使其产生旋转位移,围岩土压力变化使衬砌结构内力产生显著变化;随着地裂缝错动位移的发展,上盘内拱顶和下盘拱顶、拱底出现围岩作用的加强,而上盘拱底出现围岩作用的松弛。与隧道正交穿越地裂缝的情况比较,斜交穿越地裂缝时围岩土压力和衬砌结构内力变化更大,易出现拉裂破坏。 相似文献
4.
以西安地铁临潼线穿越骊山山前断裂为研究背景,采用数值模拟方法,通过建立地铁隧道-断裂-地层三维有限元模型,研究了骊山山前断裂错动作用下隧道结构的变形受力特征,以此揭示了骊山山前断裂错动作用对西安地铁临潼线的影响机制以及重点设防位置,确定了地铁临潼线的设防范围,提出了相应防治建议措施。研究结果表明:断裂错动作用造成地铁隧道沿纵向发生弯曲变形,大致可分为3个变形区域:下盘稳定区、剪切拉张区和整体沉降区。断裂附近地层竖向应力和隧道拱底接触压力均表现为上盘减小而下盘增大,而隧道拱顶接触压力在上盘增大下盘减小。同时,沿纵向隧道顶部结构在上盘受压而下盘受拉,底部结构受力刚好相反,在上盘受拉下盘受压;隧道受剪区范围随断裂位错量变化基本保持不变,且最大值均出现在与断裂相交位置处。最后,综合确定了西安地铁临潼线跨越骊山山前断裂的纵向设防长度至少为80 m,并给出了跨断裂西安地铁临潼线的防治措施。研究结果可为西安地铁临潼线跨越骊山山前断裂带设计及其病害防治提供科学参考。 相似文献
5.
以西安地铁隧道穿越骊山山前断裂为研究原型,分析了该断裂的活动特征,并基于近场区地震危险性分析结果,对断裂黏滑活动可能产生的地表最大垂直位错量进行了预测;运用数值模拟方法,研究了断裂错动造成地层与隧道的变形响应特征,并对分段隧道结构受损的临界位错量值进行了分析验证;计算了断裂活动的影响范围,确定了地铁隧道穿越断裂带的主要设防区域。研究结果表明,随着断裂位错量的增大,上盘地层的沉降响应表现较明显,上下盘地层的差异沉降区域集中在断裂带附近,并呈"倒三角"形状逐渐向两侧扩展;当断裂位错量大于20cm时,上下盘远离断裂带的地铁隧道差异沉降尤为严重;当上盘沉降量达到50cm时,相邻分段隧道产生拉张、位错破坏;基于隧道拱顶处地层的竖向位移变化特征,得到地铁隧道穿越该断裂带的最小纵向设防长度为上盘40m、下盘15m,经对比验证,数值模拟计算结果与现场勘察结论一致;最后提出了相应的设防建议措施。 相似文献
6.
7.
西安地铁正交地裂缝隧道的模型试验研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以西安地铁二号线穿越地裂缝的区间隧道为对象,通过几何相似比尺50:1的物理模型试验,开展了地裂缝活动条件下地铁隧道骑缝（变形缝与地裂缝一致）正交穿越地裂缝时衬砌结构与围岩相互作用机制的试验研究。结果表明,在地裂缝发生各级错动位移条件下,不同围岩应力场的围岩土压力、衬砌结构应力及其不均匀沉降位移变化规律相似;上下盘内的衬砌结构之间具有明显的错断位移,下盘内衬砌结构的沉降量越小,上盘内衬砌结构的沉降量越大,均呈渐变趋势;上盘内衬砌结构应力、围岩土压力随地裂缝错动位移的增加而减小,下盘衬砌结构应力和围岩土压力随地裂缝错动位移的增加而增大,围岩土压力和衬砌结构应力的增量峰值均发生在地裂缝附近。模型试验研究研究结果对于分析地裂缝活动区间地铁隧道工程的运营及维护具有重要的理论与实际意义。 相似文献
8.
地震断层错动会引起上覆土层变形,从而造成断层附近的建筑结构、管线产生附加的变形和内力引起破坏。通过一个土工离心机试验分析上覆饱和黏土层在4步连续断层错动作用下的静力响应行为。着重分析断层错动引起的地层变形的范围、不均匀沉降区的分布特点、剪切裂缝在土层传播路径及地表开裂的位置等工程上重点关注的问题。得到以下几点认识：(1) 基岩断层错动引起的地层变形范围基本上不受基岩错动量大小的影响。(2) 断层错动引起地层的不均匀沉降区基本呈三角形分布,其地表宽度约为1倍左右的土层厚度。(3) 基岩错动引起的主剪切裂缝基本沿竖直方向向上传播,其传播距离取决于基岩错动量及土体的破坏应变。(4) 基岩断层错动在主剪区的下盘一侧边缘会产生张拉裂缝,且产生张拉裂缝所需基岩错动量远小于产生剪切裂缝所需的错动量。 相似文献
9.
陡倾断层上下盘开挖引起地表变形的数值模拟分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
考虑地下开挖区与断层相对位置关系,采用简化数值模型对陡倾断层上下盘开挖引起的地表变形特征进行了数值模拟。结果表明,当断层位于地下开挖引起地表变形的压缩区且开挖区位于下盘时,地表出现不连续变形的可能性小;当断层位于地下开挖引起地表变形的压缩区且开挖区位于上盘时,随下向开挖进行地表断层处裂缝有减小趋势;而当断层位于地下开挖引起的地表变形拉张区时,断层出露处水平拉张明显,表现为拉张裂缝,随下向开挖深度增加、规模增大,不论开挖区位于上盘还是下盘,极可能导致地表出现正断层式的错动． 相似文献
10.
内罗毕—马拉巴铁路穿越东非大裂谷, 线路隧道穿越许多活动断裂带。在隧道结构设计中既要考虑地震作用, 还要考虑断层的位错作用。在隧道抗震和减震设计中, 将隧道结构设计成像链条一样的结构特性, 使得隧道结构随着地震作用和断层位错, 自动调整本身的变形, 而不会导致整体性破坏。为了分析隧道结构的地震响应规律, 建立了动力分析数值模型。将人工合成100 a超越概率2%的加速度时程作为水平地震作用, 在数值模型底部输入。计算分析了地震作用下隧道结构的响应规律和隧道结构的链条特性。计算表明链条一样的隧道结构能够很好地起到抗震消能作用。另外, 由于断层的位错作用造成隧道内限界减小, 使得隧道失去正常的通行功能。因此在断层位错设计中, 根据断层特点、接触网的型式, 综合考虑制定隧道断面扩挖尺寸。当断层位错发生影响正常交通运营时, 根据正断层的特点, 扩挖下盘隧道, 回填上盘隧道。调整线路坡度和接触网的绝缘距离、悬挂方式来消除断层的位错量, 从而实现隧道内线路正常通行条件, 而不用改建隧道二衬结构。 相似文献
11.
Ivan V. BRAGIN Georgy A. CHELNOKOV Oleg V. CHUDAEV Natalia A. KHARITONOVA Sergey V. VYSOTSKIY 《《地质学报》英文版》2016,90(1):276-284
Studied waters belong to warm(T=30-50℃),alkaline(pH=8.9-9.3),low mineralized(TDS235 mg/1)Na-HCO_3 or Na-SO_4-HCO_3 thermal waters with high content of SiO_2(up to 81 mg/l)and F(up to 3.9 mg/1),occur on modern volcano-tectonic rejuvenated areas of Eastern Sikhote-Alin orogenic belt.Low~3He concentration as well as N_2/O_2 and N_2/Ar ratios exclude influence of deep mantle fluid.New rare earth element data constrain our understandmg of water-rock interaction occurring in the water source region.Meteoric origin of waters is proved by stable isotope values varying from-71‰to-136.1‰and from-10.8‰to-18.8‰forδ~2U andδ~(18)O respectively.REE patterns reflect high pH,resultfing from water-rock interaction and oxidative conditions.Calculations of deep aquifer temperature using Na-K and quartz geothermometers show 116.8-131.1°C and 82.2-125.8℃respectively.Presence of deep faults both with abnormal thermal gradient(~45-50 K/km)define unique geochemical shape of thermal waters of Sikhote-Alin,area,where no present volcanic activity is registered. 相似文献
12.
Distribution and enrichment of trace metals in marine sediments of Bay of Bengal,off Ennore,south-east coast of India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In order to avoid the pollution of trace metals in marine environment, it is necessary to establish the data and understand
the mechanisms influencing the distribution of trace metals in marine environment. The concentration of heavy metals (Fe,
Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Co and Cd) were studied in sediments of Ennore shelf, to understand the metal contamination due to
heavily industrialized area of Ennore, south-east coast of India. Concentration of metals shows significant variability and
range from 1.7 to 3.7% for Fe, 284–460 μg g−1 for Mn, 148.6–243.2 μg g−1 for Cr, 385–657 μg g−1 for Cu, 19.8–53.4 μg g−1 for Ni, 5.8–11.8 μg g−1 for Co, 24.9–40 μg g−1 for Pb, 71.3–201 μg g−1 for Zn and 4.6–7.5 μg g−1 for Cd. For various metals the contamination factor (CF) and geoaccumulation index (I
geo) has been calculated to assess the degree of pollution in sediments. The geoaccumulation index shows that Cd, Cr and Cu moderately
to extremely pollute the sediments. This study shows that the major sources of metal contamination in the Ennore shelf are
land-based anthropogenic ones, such as discharge of industrial wastewater, municipal sewage and run-off through the Ennore
estuary. The intermetallic relationship revealed the identical behavior of metals during its transport in the marine environment. 相似文献
13.
Isothermal thermogravimetric experiments have been carried out to determine the reaction kinetics of the dehydration processes
in fuller's earth, a natural Ca-montmorillonite. Dehydration in swelling clays is a complex reaction, and analysis of the
thermogravimetric data using empirical rate equations and time-transformation analysis reveals that the nature of the rate
controlling mechanism is dependent upon both the temperature regime of the sample as well as the extent of reaction. For fuller's
earth, we find that the dehydration kinetics are dominated by a nucleation and growth mechanism at low temperatures and fractions
transformed (stage I), but above 90 °C the last stages of the reaction are diffusion controlled (stage II). The activation
energy for dehydration during stage I is around 35 kJ · mol−1, whereas the removal of water during stage II requires an activation energy of around 50 kJ · mol−1. These two stages of dehydration are associated with primary collapse of the interlayer (stage I) and movement of water that
is hydrated to cations within the interlayer (stage II).
Received: 28 August 1998 / Revised, accepted: 27 January 1999 相似文献
14.
I. Daniel G. Fiquet P. Gillet M. W. Schmidt M. Hanfland 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1999,26(5):406-414
A pressure-volume-temperature data set has been obtained for lawsonite [CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2.H2O], using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and an externally heated diamond anvil cell. Unit-cell volumes were measured to 9.4
GPa and 767 K by angle dispersive X-ray diffraction using imaging plates. Phase changes were not observed within this pressure-temperature
range, and lawsonite compressed almost isotropically at constant temperature. The P-V-T data have been analyzed using a Birch-
Murnaghan equation of state and a linear equation of state expressed as β=–1/V0 (∂V/∂P)
T
. At room temperature, the derived equation of state parameters are: K
0=124.1 (18) GPa K'0 set to 4) and β–1=142.0(24) GPa, respectively. Our results are intermediate between previously reported measurements. The high-temperature
data show that the incompressibility of lawsonite decreases with increasing temperature to ∼500 K and then increases above.
Hence, the second order temperature derivative of the bulk modulus is taken into account in the equation of state; a fit of
the volume data yields K
0=123.9(18) GPa, (∂K/∂T)P=–0.111(3) GPa K–1, (∂2
K/∂T
2)P=0.28(6) 10–3 GPa K–2, α0=3.1(2) 10–5 K–1, assuming K'0=4.
Received: 2 June 1998 / Revised, accepted: 12 Ocotber 1998 相似文献
15.
Overview of the geomorphological and hydrogeological characteristics of the Eastern Desert of Egypt 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
A. A. Abdel Moneim 《Hydrogeology Journal》2005,13(2):416-425
Although, the Eastern Desert of Egypt forms about 22% of the surface area of the country, the area is undeveloped due to the limited availability of water. The morphologic units of the Eastern Desert consist of a number of drainage basins covering about 147,820 km2 (66.5% of the total surface area of the Eastern Desert). The basins drain the occasional rainwater, either towards the Nile Valley or to the Red Sea, causing flood hazards. The availability of water from the hydrologic systems of these basins could be improved by constructing runoff controlling systems in these areas (e.g. dykes and partially effective dams), which could save and make use of a considerable amount of water. The groundwater resources in the Eastern Desert can be divided into four main water-bearing units: the fractured crystalline Pre-Cambrian aquifer, the Nubian sandstone aquifer, the fractured limestone and sandstone aquifer and the Quaternary aquifer. The most productive aquifer is the Nubian sandstone while the fractured limestone and sandstone (Miocene) are only productive along the eastern part of the desert. The Quaternary aquifer occurs along the major dry washes (wadis) and is considered of limited potential as it is recharged mainly from the occasional rainfall. Detailed assessment of these aquifers should be carried out locally for further development of the area.
Resumen Aunque el Desierto Oriental de Egipto constituye alrededor del 22% de la superficie del país, esta área no se encuentra desarrollada por causa de la escasez de agua. Las unidades morfológicas del Desierto Oriental consisten de un número de cuencas de drenaje que cubren alrededor de 147,820 km2 (66.5% del área superficial total del Desierto Oriental). Estas cuencas drenan las aguas lluvias ocasionales, bien hacia el Valle del Nilo o hacia el Mar Rojo, causando amenazas de inundación. La disponibilidad de agua a partir de los sistemas hidrológicos de estas cuencas, puede ser mejorada al construir sistemas de control de escorrentía allí (Ej. Diques y presas de efectividad parcial), las cuales podrían almacenar y permitir el uso de una cantidad considerable de agua. Los recursos de agua subterránea en el Desierto Oriental, pueden dividirse en cuatro unidades principales portadoras de agua: El acuífero fracturado cristalino Pre – Cámbrico, el acuífero de la Arenisca de Nubia, el acuífero de arenisca y caliza fracturadas y el acuífero Cuaternario. El acuífero más productivo es la arenisca de Nubia, mientras que la arenisca y caliza fracturadas (Mioceno), son productivas únicamente a lo largo de la parte oriental del desierto. El acuífero Cuaternario se encuentra a lo largo de las corrientes intermitentes mayores (Wadis) y se le considera de potencial limitado por ser recargado principalmente a partir de lluvia ocasional. Una evaluación detallada de estos acuíferos debe llevarse a cabo localmente, para el desarrollo adicional de esta área.
Résumé Bien que le Désert Est occupe 22% de la surface de lEgypte, la région est sousdeveloppée à cause de la ressource en eau limitée. Les unités morphologiques consistent en des bassins drainant qui couvrent une surface de 147,820 km2 ,représentant 66.6% de la surface du Désert Est. Les bassins drainent les plues intermittentes vers la vallée du Nil ou vers la Mer Rouge en provocant des inondations. On peut augmenter la ressource en eau dans cette région en réalisant des systèmes de contrôle de ruissellements (des digues...) qui peuvent sauver et utiliser un volume considérable deau. La ressource en eau souterraine du Désert Est est cantonnée dans quatre grandes structures: l› aquifère fracturé cristallin Précambrien, l› aquifère gréseux Nubien, l› aquifère calcaire et gréseux et l› aquifère quaternaire. Le plus productif est l› aquifère gréseux Nubien tendis que les calcaire et les grèses dage miocène sont productives seulement dans la partie est du désert. L› aquifère quaternaire se trouve au long des oueds sèches et on considéré quil a un potentiel limité, étant rechargé seulement par les plues intermittentes. Pour le futur développement de la région il est nécessaire une évaluation détaillée, à léchelle locale de ces aquifères.相似文献
16.
The lithostratigraphy, depositional environment and age of the Marwar Supergroup have been reviewed in the light of report
of δ13C depletion recorded in the carbonates of the Bilara Group (middle part of Marwar Supergroup) and discovery of trilobite-like
trace fossils from the ·Red bedsŽ of Nagaur Group (upper part of Marwar Supergroup). The δ13C depletion observed in Bilara carbonates is not a result of glaciation rather due to rapid burial and poor water circulation
in the low energy water of the protected basin. Secondly, the trace fossils are, in fact, traces of notostracan crustaceans
found in shallow fluvial and shallow lacustrine environment. The present paper also records a spiral, burrowing trace-fossil,
possibly Gyrolithes, from a cross-bedded sandstone of the Jodhpur Group. 相似文献
17.
M. B. Potdar S. A. Sharma V. Y. Parikh P. C. S. Devara P. E. Raj Y. K. Tiwari R. S. Maheskumar K. K. Dani S. K. Saha S. M. Sonbawne Y. Jaya Rao G. Pandithurai 《Journal of Earth System Science》2004,113(1):103-116
With the launch of the German Aerospace Agency's (DLR) Modular Opto-electronic Scanner (MOS) sensor on board the Indian Remote
Sensing satellite (IRS-P3) launched by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in March 1996, 13 channel multi-spectral
data in the range of 408 to 1010 nm at high radiometric resolution, precision, and with narrow spectral bands have been available
for a variety of land, atmospheric and oceanic studies. We found that these data are best for validation of radiative transfer
model and the corresponding code developed by one of the authors at Space Applications Centre, and called ATMRAD (abbreviated
for ATMospheric RADiation). Once this model/code is validated, it can be used for retrieving information on tropospheric aerosols
over ocean or land. This paper deals with two clear objectives, viz.,
The data validation procedure essentially involves
The results show that the model performance is satisfactory and a relationship between the spectral parameters of MOS radiances
and aerosol optical thickness can be established. In this communication, we present the details of the experiments conducted,
database, validation of the ATMRAD model and development of the relationship between AOT and MOS radiance. 相似文献
| 1 | Validation of ATMRAD model/code using MOS data and synchronously measured atmospheric data, and if found performing well, then to |
| 2 | derive relationship between MOS radiances and Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT). |
| – | •near-synchronous measurements of columnar aerosol optical thickness and altitude profiles of aerosol concentration using ground-based multi-filter solar radiometers and Argon-ion Lidar, respectively and |
| – | •computation of the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiances from a low reflecting target (near clear water reservoir in the present study) using the ATMRAD model. |
18.
James Nicholls 《Mathematical Geology》1998,30(7):817-835
Physical-chemical explanations of the causes of variations in rock suites are evaluated by comparing predicted to measured compositions. Consistent data turn an explanation into a viable hypothesis. Predicted and measured values seldom are equal, creating problems of defining consistency and quantifying confidence in the hypthesis. Bayes theorem leads to methods for testing alternative hypotheses. Information available prior to data collection provides estimates of prior probabilities for competing hypotheses. After consideration of new data, Bayes theorem updates the probabilities for the hypotheses being correct, returning posterior probabilities. Bayes factors, B, are a means of expressing Bayes theorem if there are two hypotheses, H
0
and H
1. For fixed values of the prior probabilities, B > 1 implies an increased posterior probability for H
0
over its prior probability, whereas B < 1 implies an increased posterior probability for H
1
over its prior probability. Three common problems are: (1) comparing variances in sets of data with known analytical uncertainties, (2) comparing mean values of two datasets with known analytical uncertainties, and (3) determining whether a data point falls on a predicted trend. The probability is better than 0.9934 that lava flows of the 1968 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, are from a single magma batch. The probability is 0.99 that lava flows from two outcrops near Mount Edziza, British Columbia, are from different magma batches, suggesting that the two outcrops can be the same age only by an unlikely coincidence. Bayes factors for hypotheses relating lava flows from Volcano Mountain, Yukon Territory, by crystal fractionation support the hypothesis for one flow but the factor for another flow is so small it practically guarantees the fractionation hypothesis is wrong. Probabilities for petrologic hypotheses cannot become large with a single line of evidence; several data points or datasets are required for high probabilities. 相似文献
19.
Norimasa Nishiyama Takehiko Yagi Shigeaki Ono Hirotada Gotou Tatsuhiko Harada Takumi Kikegawa 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(3):131-143
In situ X-ray diffraction measurements of Fe- and Al-bearing MgSiO3-rich perovskite (FeAl-Pv), which was synthesized from a natural orthopyroxene, were performed at pressures of 19–32 GPa and
temperatures of 300–1,500 K using a combination of a Kawai-type apparatus with eight sintered-diamond anvils and synchrotron
radiation. Two runs were performed using a high-pressure cell with two sample chambers, and both MgSiO3 perovskite (Mg-Pv) and FeAl-Pv were synthesized simultaneously in the same cell. Thus we were able to measure specific volumes
(V/V
0) of Mg-Pv and FeAl-Pv at the same P−T conditions. At all the measurement conditions, values of the specific volume of FeAl-Pv are consistent with those of Mg-Pv
within 2 Standard Deviation, strongly suggesting that effect of incorporation of iron and aluminum on the thermoelastic properties
of magnesium silicate perovskite is undetectable in this composition, pressure, and temperature range. Two additional runs
were performed using a high-pressure cell that has one sample chamber and unit-cell volumes of FeAl-Pv were measured at pressures
and temperatures up to 32 GPa and 1,500 K, respectively. All the unit-cell volume data of FeAl-Pv perovskite were fitted to
the high temperature Birch–Murnaghan equation of state and a complete set of thermoelastic parameters of this perovskite was
determined with an assumption of K′
300,0 = 4. The determined parameters are K
300,0 = 243(3) GPa, (∂K
T,0/∂T)
P
= −0.030(8) GPa/K, a
0 = 2.78(18) × 10−5 K−1, and b
0 = 0.88(28) × 10−8 K−2, where a
0 and b
0 are the coefficients of the following expression describing the zero-pressure thermal expansion: α
T,0 = a
0 + b
0
T. The equation-of-state parameters of FeAl-Pv are in good agreement with those of MgSiO3 perovskite at the conditions corresponding to the uppermost part of the lower mantle. 相似文献
20.
V.A. Chudaeva S.G. Urchenko O.V. Chudaev K. Sugimory M. Matsuo A. Kuno 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):101
On the south-eastern edge of Russia, the chemical composition of rainwater is controlled by sea salts, terrestrial material, as well as volcanic (Kuril islands volcanic area) and anthropogenic emissions, mostly in the southern part of the area. The predominant major ions of the Primorye, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands rainwaters were respectively HCO3−–SO42−, Ca–Na, and of Cl–Na. Concentration of trace elements changes within 1–2 orders of magnitude but some difference in the distribution of the elements between continental and island rainwater is found. The concentration of the chemical elements in the particulate fraction varies from < 10% to 90% of the total concentration (dissolved + particulate) with the following distribution: Tl, Na, Ca, Sr, Zn, Cd (< 10%)–Be, Th, Bi, Rb, U, K, Sc (10–20%)–Cu, Mn, Mg, Mo, Se, Ba, Ni, As, Ag, Cs, Co, Y, Ga, V (20–50%)–Sb, Pb, Ge, Cr, Fe, Al (50–90%).The concentration of elements of the particulate fraction of the rainwater usually is significantly different from concentrations in the crust, including both higher and lower concentrations. The terrestrial contribution to dissolved elements was evaluated and follows the decreasing order: Fe > K, Mg, Ca > Ba, Sr > Na (65–1%). Close order was found for total (dissolved and solid) concentrations. Sea salt contribution to dissolved element concentration in the rainwater decrease in the following order: Cl, Mg > K, SO4 > Ca > HCO3−, Ba, Fe (78–0.1%). Calculation of anthropogenic and volcanic inputs for two ions (Cl− and SO42−) shows that anthropogenic inputs for the Vladivostok and Yuzno-Sakhalinsk cities can be evaluated as 15–20% of Cl− and up to 80–90% of SO42−. Volcanic components in the Kuril Islands, where anthropogenic inputs are absent, can reach up to 76% of SO42− and 36% of Cl−. 相似文献