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The pressure-sensitive equilibrium among anorthite, quartz and the Ca-tschermak component in clinopyroxene (CaAl2 SiO6 ; CaTs), CaAl2 SiOCpx6+SiOQtz2=CaAl2 Si2 OPl8 (SCAn) ,can be used as a geobarometer in granulites with the proper assemblage, and has been calibrated using mineral composition data from partial melting experiments of natural assemblages and from phase equilibrium experiments on the end-member CMAS system. The experimental data cover the P – T range 4–32 kbar and 900–1400 °C. Linear least-squares regression analysis of the experimental data resulted in the following empirical expressions for pressure in terms of composition and temperature: P = 5.066 [±0.760]+ 1300 [±800] T −ln K 276 [±16] · T [±2.5 kbar]or P = 6.330 [±0.116]−ln K 301 [±9]· T [±1.0 kbar] ,where K = a PlAn a CpxCaTs .The first equation incorporates an enthalpy term, but is less accurate than the second equation, in which the enthalpy of reaction is ignored. Application of these expressions to natural and experimental equilibrium mineral assemblages demonstrates that the empirical barometers are applicable over a wide range of pressures (≥4 kbar), temperatures (≥700 °C) and bulk compositions (Mg#≥32.5). 相似文献
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The Late Cretaceous (Santonian) continental vertebrate locality of Iharkút, western Hungary has provided numerous azhdarchid pterosaur remains including the recently described, Bakonydraco galaczi. Since the first report of these fossils, additional remains have been discovered that improve considerably our knowledge of some aspects of the anatomy of azhdarchid pterosaurs. New cranial material described here indicates an edentulous, non-crested premaxillary rostrum in Bakonydraco similar to that of Quetzalcoatlus and reveals that this rostrum was considerably thinner and more lightly built than the relatively massive, pointed mandibular symphysis. In addition, the contact surface of the upper and lower jaws of Bakonydraco at least in the symphyseal region was more similar to Tapejara wellnhoferi than to other azdarchids: the contact is irregular and the premaxilla does not fit closely the rostral part of the mandible. Among the postcranial material the atlas-axis complex possessing lateral pneumatic foramina is of great importance because it further supports the notion of interspecific variability of vertebral pneumaticity among pterosaurs. 相似文献
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Equilibrium pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions were estimated for kyanite‐bearing eclogite from Nové Dvory, Czech Republic, by using garnet–clinopyroxene thermometry and garnet–clinopyroxene–kyanite–coesite (or quartz) barometry. The estimated P–T conditions are 1050–1150 °C, 4.5–4.9 GPa, which are mostly the same as previously estimated values for garnet peridotite from Nové Dvory (～1100–1250 °C, 5–6 GPa). Such very high‐P conditions, which correspond to about 150‐km depth, have been obtained for some garnet peridotites in the Gföhl Unit of the Bohemian Massif, but pressure conditions of eclogites associated with the garnet peridotites have not been so well constrained. This is the first substantial finding of eclogite that gives such very high‐P conditions in the Gföhl Unit of the Bohemian Massif. The Gföhl Unit mainly consists of felsic granulite or migmatitic gneiss, but these rock types do not display high‐P (>2.5 GPa) evidence. It is unclear whether both the peridotite body and surrounding felsic rocks in the Gföhl Unit were buried to very deep levels, but at least some garnet peridotites and associated eclogites in the Gföhl Unit have ascended from about 150‐km depth. 相似文献
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Robust date for the Bronze Age Avellino eruption (Somma-Vesuvius): 3945 ± 10 calBP (1995 ± 10 calBC)
Jan Sevink Manfred J. van Bergen Johannes van der Plicht Hendrik Feiken Carmela Anastasia Annika Huizinga 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2011,30(9-10):1035-1046
We found Bronze Age lake sediments from the Agro Pontino graben (Central Italy) to contain a thin (2–3 cm) continuous tephra layer composed of lithics, crystals and minor volcanic glass. Tephrochronological and compositional constraints strongly suggest that this layer represents the Avellino pumice eruption, which has also been identified in Central Italian lake cores. Its provenance is corroborated by electron-microprobe analyses performed on juvenile pumice grains, showing that the tephra layer is probably the distal equivalent of the EU2 event of the Avellino eruption. We used multiple 14C age estimations of two lacustrine sequences with intercalated tephra layer, from the western border zone (Migliara 44.5) and the centre of the former lake (Campo Inferiore), for in tandem dating of this eruption, employing the OxCal code, which yielded a robust age of 3945 ± 10 calBP (1995 ± 10 calBC). To date, this is the only study providing both a terminus post and terminus ante quem of this precision, also demonstrating the advantage of dating distal tephra layers in a clear stratigraphic context over proximal deposits in sequences with major stratigraphic hiatuses. Our new results underscore the importance of the Avellino tephra layer as a precise time marker for studies on the Early Bronze Age of Central Italy. 相似文献
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Kunaljeet S. Tanwar Sarah C. Petitto Peter J. Eng 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(15):4346-2587
The surface structure of α-Fe2O3(0 0 0 1) was studied using crystal truncation rod (CTR) X-ray diffraction before and after reaction with aqueous Fe(II) at pH 5. The CTR results show the unreacted α-Fe2O3(0 0 0 1) surface consists of two chemically distinct structural domains: an O-layer terminated domain and a hydroxylated Fe-layer terminated domain. After exposing the α-Fe2O3(0 0 0 1) surface to aqueous Fe(II), the surface structure of both co-existing structural domains was modified due to adsorption of Fe at crystallographic lattice sites of the substrate, resulting in six-coordinated adsorbed Fe at the surface. The average Fe-O bond lengths of the adsorbed Fe are consistent with typical Fe(III)-O bond lengths (in octahedral coordination), providing evidence for the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) upon adsorption. These results highlight the important role of substrate surface structure in controlling Fe(II) adsorption. Furthermore, the molecular scale structural characterization of adsorbed Fe provides insight into the process of Fe(II) induced structural modification of hematite surfaces, which in turn aids in assessing the effective reactivity of hematite surfaces in Fe(II) rich environments. 相似文献
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This paper describes the occurrence of dolomite and the mechanism of dolomitization of the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic K?z?loren Formation in the autochthonous Bolkardag? unit of the middle Taurus Mountains in south western Turkey. Dolomites were analyzed for geochemical, isotopic and crystallographic variation. Dolomites occur as a replacement of precursor carbonate and cement. The dolomite crystals range from <10 to ~1000 μm existing as both replacements and cements. Sr concentrations range between 84 and 156 ppm, and the molar Sr/Ca ratios of dolomitizing fluids are estimated to range between 0.0066 to 0.013 ratios. Dolomites are Ca-rich (with average CaCO3 and MgCO3 equal to 56.43 and 43.57 mol%, respectively) and they are non-stoichiometric, with an average Sr=116 ppm, Na=286 ppm, Mn=81 ppm, Fe=1329 ppm, and δ18O and δ13C ranges from –0.6‰ to –6.1‰ Pee Dee Belemnite [PDB], and +1.2 to +3.9‰ PDB. The North American Shale Composition [NASC]-normalized rare earth element (REE) values of the both limestone and dolomite sample groups show very similar REE patterns characterized by small positive Eu (mean=1.32 and mean=1.42, respectively) and slightly or considerably negative Ce (mean=0.61 and mean=0.72, respectively) anomalies and a clear depletion in all REE species. The K?z?loren Formation dolomites have been formed as early diagenetic from mixing zone fluids at the tidal-subtidal environment and at the late diagenetic from basinal brines at the shallow-deep burial depths. 相似文献
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Tapas R. Martha Priyom Roy Ritwik Mazumdar K. Babu Govindharaj K. Vinod Kumar 《Landslides》2017,14(2):697-704
High magnitude earthquakes trigger numerous landslides and their occurrences are mainly controlled by terrain parameters. We created an inventory of 15,551 landslides with a total area of 90.2 km2 triggered by the 2015 Mw 7.8 (Gorkha) and Mw 7.3 (Dolakha) earthquakes in Nepal, through interpretation of very high resolution satellite images (e.g. WorldView, Pleiades, Cartosat-1 and 2, Resourcesat-2). Our spatial analysis of landslide occurrences with ground acceleration, slope, lithology and surface defomation indicated ubiquitous control of steep slope on landslides with ground acceleration as the trigger. Spatial distribution of landslides shows increasing frequency away from the Gorkha earthquake epicentre up to 130 km towards east, dropping sharply thereafter, which is an abnormal phenomenon of coseismic landslides. Landslides are laterally concentrated in three zones which matches well with the seismic rupture evolution of Gorkha earthquake, as reported through teleseismic measurements. 相似文献
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F. Gallavresi 《Engineering Geology》1981,18(1-4):361-375
The paper deals with different ground freezing techniques, i.e., open, closed and mixed systems. The main criteria of choice between the various methods are also defined, and some experiments carried out in Italy between 1972 and 1979 employing the mixed system are outlined. In particular, the work carried out in Naples in 1979 is described where the mixed treatment was used to excavate below the water table for a sewer trunk line of 3.40 m diameter in the city centre and beneath existing buildings. 相似文献
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Sebastien Kerisit Chongxuan Liu Eugene S. Ilton 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(6):1481-1497
Molecular dynamics simulations of water in contact with the (0 0 1) and (0 1 0) surfaces of orthoclase (KAlSi3O8) were carried out to investigate the structure and dynamics of the feldspar-water interface, contrast the intrinsic structural properties of the two surfaces, and provide a basis for future work on the diffusion of ions and molecules in microscopic mineral fractures. Electron density profiles were computed from the molecular dynamics trajectories and compared with those derived experimentally from high-resolution X-ray reflectivity measurements by Fenter and co-workers [Fenter P., Cheng L., Park C., Zhang H. and Sturchio N. C. (2003a) Structure of the orthoclase (0 0 1)- and (0 1 0)-water interfaces by high-resolution X-ray reflectivity. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta67, 4267-4275]. For each surface, three scenarios were considered whereby the interfacial species is potassium, water, or a hydronium ion. Excellent agreement was obtained for the (0 0 1) surface when potassium is the predominant interfacial species; however, some discrepancies in the position of the interfacial peaks were obtained for the (0 1 0) surface. The two surfaces showed similarities in the extent of water ordering at the interface, the activation energies for water and potassium desorption, and the adsorption localization of interfacial species. However, there are also important differences between the two surfaces in the coordination of a given adsorbed species, adsorption site densities, and the propensity for water molecules in surface cavities and those in the first hydration layer to coordinate to surface bridging oxygen atoms. These differences may have implications for the extent of dissolution in the low-pH regime since hydrolysis of Si(Al)OSi(Al) bonds is a major dissolution mechanism. 相似文献
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These data indicate that the last representatives of Hyaenidae on the Oka plateau, i.e., cave hyenas (C. c. spelaea), are direct descendants of the hyenas that lived in the Altai–Sayan and Baikal mountain country from the Late Miocene to the end of the Pleistocene. Their continued existence over a long time undoubtedly indicates the absence of repeated glaciation during the Pleistocene. Cave hyenas are relics of the late Tertiary fauna in the area of Lake Baikal; they became extinct due to gradual cooling, which peaked at the end of the Late Pleistocene. 相似文献
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Christopher J. Duffin 《Geology Today》2006,22(3):104-108
This year marks the 150th anniversary of William Buckland's death. One of the liveliest characters in the early history of our science, Buckland was a keen observer, indefatigable scholar, enthusiastic field geologist, inspirational communicator and possessed of an innovative mind which could quickly embrace, process and apply new ideas. His influence on an emerging discipline during its arguably most formative years in the early nineteenth century, and upon subsequent generations of Earth science scholars, should not be underestimated. 相似文献
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The structure of the (110) surface of sphalerite has been studied using mainly quantum-mechanical (QM) methods. The experimentally
observed puckering of the surface is well reproduced by periodic plane wave density functional calculations. Water adsorption
on this surface is modelled using this QM approach and is used to judge the accuracy of less computationally demanding cluster
methods. A cluster model, thus validated, is used to study the possible modes of interaction of Pb2+ ions with the (110) surface. It is found that adsorption of hydrated PbO and PbOH+ is energetically feasible and leads to Pb–O distances compatible with REFLEXAFS data.
Received: 22 April 2002 / Accepted: 23 October 2002
Acknowledgements We thank EPSRC for support of this research. 相似文献
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The structural behavior of -eucryptite (LiAlSiO4) has been investigated using infrared (IR) spectroscopy over a temperature range of 20 to 900 K and FT-Raman spectroscopy at room temperature. IR reflectance measurements show that -eucryptite possesses high reflectivity in the far-IR region, as is consistent with its reported superionic conductivity along the c-axis. On heating, the Li-related IR bands near 246 and 300 cm–1 (with A2 symmetry) broadened and weakened dramatically, presumably as a result of Li+ positional disordering along the structural channels parallel to c. The disordering process appears to induce a framework distortion, as is evidenced by the broadening of some vibrations of Si(Al)–O with increasing temperature. A change in slope in the temperature dependence of the phonon frequency near 300 cm–1 and the linewidth of the 760 cm–1 band at 715 K indicates that Li becomes completely disordered above this temperature. In addition, the temperature dependence of the linewidth for the 760 cm–1 band exhibits an additional change in slope at 780 K, implying the existence of an intermediate state within this temperature range. The detailed structure of this intermediate phase, however, needs further study. Our IR data provide no indication of structural changes between room temperature and 20 K. 相似文献
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The Viséan (Carboniferous) sedimentary succession of the basinal Kulm facies (Rhenish Mountains) was investigated in detail in order to achieve a high‐resolution stratigraphic subdivision and correlation. Additionally, the ranges of fossil index taxa (ammonoids), fossil marker beds, volcaniclastic horizons and sedimentary features (e.g. colour changes) were integrated in the correlation. As a result, a comprehensive database was compiled, which contains 190 stratigraphic events of the Viséan interval of this area. Several sections are almost completely composed of shales, which are regarded to represent a slow but constant basinal background sedimentation of the Kulm facies. The thickness of lithological homogeneous sections thus indicates an approximately linear record of time and the average thicknesses of biozones and positions of stratigraphic events can easily be calculated from the compiled database. The result is an approximately time‐linear biostratigraphic scale for the Viséan Stage of the Kulm Basin. Given a numerical length of the Viséan Stage of ca. 19 Ma, 190 stratigraphic events give a mean resolution of 100 000 years. This is unique in Palaeozoic stratigraphy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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E.P. Oliveira S.F. Toteu M.N.C. Araújo M.J. Carvalho R.S. Nascimento J.F. Bueno N. McNaughton G. Basilici 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2006,44(4-5):470
The Yaoundé belt (Cameroon) and the Sergipano belt (NE Brazil) belonged to a major and continuous Neoproterozoic orogen at the northern margin of the ancient Congo-São Francisco craton. The Yaoundé belt comprises schists, quartzites, gneisses and migmatitic gneisses grouped into three domains; the low-grade Mbalmayo Group in south and the medium- to high-grade Yaoundé and Bafia Group in north. The Sergipano belt is divided into six domains, the three southernmost of which are mostly made up of clastic and chemical metasedimentary rocks whereas the others are more diverse with a migmatite–gneiss complex, and two metavolcanicplutonic complexes. In general, the two belts show structural vergence and decrease of metamorphic grade towards the craton; three main deformation phases are recognized in the Sergipano belt in contrast with two described in the Yaoundé belt. The minimum age of Pan-African-Brasiliano collision in the Sergipano belt is constrained at 628 ± 12 Ma on syn-collision granites, whereas in the Yaoundé belt collision took place between 620 and 610 Ma, i.e. the age of granulite facies metamorphism. Sm–Nd isotope geochemistry and U–Pb age dating indicate that most clastic metasedimentary rocks in both belts were derived from sources to the north and, to a lesser degree, from the cratons to the south. 相似文献
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Richard A. Reyment 《地学学报》1991,3(2):221-223
A new series presenting vignettes of the life and times of early notables, confirming the fact that all is not milk and honey in the pursuit of knowledge, 相似文献