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1.
在国际上, 影响评估已经逐步成为项目设计的一部分, 其最大的挑战是如何判断结果变化确实是由于项目干预或政策实施所致。影响评估的方法可以分为非试验性影响评估方法和试验性影响评估方法两类。非试验性影响评估的主要方法有事前事后评估比较法、倍差分析法、匹配法、工具变量法、断点回归法等;而试验性评估方法即随机干预试验, 其最大的优点是避免了非试验性评估的选择误差问题。本文在介绍2 类影响评估方法特点的基础上, 重点介绍了随机干预试验的试验设计和操作步骤。开展随机干预试验首先要进行因果链分析, 其次确定干预的单位和随机的方法, 然后进一步分析其他可能对结果变量产生影响的因素, 并在试验设计时加以控制, 最后计算试验规模的大小。随机干预试验的执行过程:第一步是基线调查, 第二步随机选择样本实施干预, 第三步是评估调查。本文以婴幼儿营养健康和教育的影响评估项目为典型案例, 对随机干预试验在中国的实践应用进行了介绍。随机干预试验在影响评估领域具有广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
2.
Rebecca Maria Torres 《The Professional geographer》2019,71(1):161-166
In light of the grave challenges ahead under the Trump administration and the rise of right-wing populism in the West, it is critical that geographers across subdisciplines embrace activist and engaged scholarship. Opportunities for such engagement often emerge organically in our everyday lives at the intersection between personal interests, ethics and commitments, and nascent research agendas. In this article, I share two experiences with community-engaged and activist research: (1) establishing the Los Puentes Spanish–English dual-language immersion program in partnership with a low-income rural North Carolina public school system and (2) collaborating on the Building Austin, Building Injustice participatory action research project with a community-based workers center to document and lobby for improvements to construction workers’ conditions in Austin, Texas. Through a situated and positioned personal account, I seek to not only provide two examples of activist research but also illustrate the diversity of encounters and how they can emerge in unlikely places and outside conventional “activist” arenas. In conclusion, I draw on lessons learned through these experiences to reflect on the various challenges and opportunities for activist scholarship within geography in the future. 相似文献
3.
Isabel Pôças João Gonçalves Bruno Marcos Joaquim Alonso Pedro Castro João P. Honrado 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(11):2356-2371
This article proposes and illustrates a practical methodological framework to evaluate the fitness for use of spatial data sets for environmental and ecological applications, focusing on user requirements for specified application contexts. The methodology is based on the use of metadata to analyze similarity between the data characteristics and the user’s needs or expectations for several quality indicators. Additionally, the concept of ‘critical factors’ is introduced in this framework, allowing users to define which quality indicators have greater importance given their own requirements or expectations and the specified application contexts. The proposed methodology further allows integrating and interconnecting the spatial data quality (SDQ) evaluation methodology with metadata geoportals in WebGIS platforms, facilitating its operation by users from non-spatial disciplines and with often limited expertise on this subject. Examples of the evaluation of fitness for use for specific application contexts within the project BIO_SOS (‘Biodiversity Multi-SOurce Monitoring System: From Space To Species’ FP7 project) are presented. By providing a prompt and straightforward evaluation tool, the proposed methodology can encourage the implementation of SDQ evaluation routines in ecological assessment and monitoring programs, promoting a more adequate use of geospatial data and ultimately contributing to well-supported policy and management decisions. 相似文献
4.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(4-5):131-141
Abstract This article describes the results of a study where the digital versatile disc (DVD) was used as a variant of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in order to aid in the teaching and learning of map work in geography at secondary school level. A group of grade 10 learners of a previously disadvantaged school in South Africa comprised the target group for the project. A case study was conducted and data was gathered on the implementation of the DVD and the learners' perceptions thereof. Qualitative analysis techniques such as field notes, observation, interviews with the learners, and questionnaires were used to analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of the DVD as well as the learners' perceptions regarding the use of the DVD in geography education. The results of the study indicated that the geography learners demonstrated positive attitudes towards the implementation of the DVD as a learning support medium. To determine the contribution of the DVD project towards the achieved results of the learners in map work, both the experimental and control groups participated in a pre- and post-test at the beginning and conclusion of the project. Effect size was used to determine the significance of the differences between the two groups and indicates a strong practical significance regarding the contribution of the DVD project towards the achieved test results of the learners. 相似文献
5.
This article discusses the implementation of a pedagogical tool aimed at the refutation of secondary school (grade ten-equivalent) students' persistent climate change misconceptions. Using a lesson study approach, the materials and intervention techniques used were developed collaboratively with geography teachers. The objective is two-pronged: to closely monitor how children learn through refutation-oriented approach and to document how teachers process the experience. A pretest and post-test comparison showed that there was significant improvement in the students' climate change conceptual understanding following the intervention. 相似文献
6.
Cathy McIlwaine 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》1997,17(2):150-164
The paper examines the experiences of space among sex workers in Cebu City, a major service and commercial centre in the Visayan region of the Philippines. It explores the issue of space from a number of perspectives and scales: first, at the national level in terms of migration patterns among sex workers; second, at the local level in relation to how sex workers experience and construct urban spaces through residence and working patterns; and finally, from a community perspective, the nature of domestic spaces among these women. The underlying theme of the paper centres around the contradictory ways in which social opprobrium is often reflected in spatial seclusion among sex workers. On the one hand, they are constrained in their experiences of space. On the other, the construction of their own particular spaces reflects a high degree of resourcefulness and resistance. This is corroborated further by the fact that involvement in the sex industry creates a different set of spatial aspirations and awareness among sex workers compared with those of the wider population. 相似文献
7.
Monique Nuijten Martijn Koster Pieter de Vries 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2012,33(2):157-170
This paper shows how regimes of spatial ordering in Brazil are produced by the entangling of neoliberalism, leftist populism and modernist visions. The paper focuses on Prometrópole, a slum upgrading project in Recife funded by the World Bank, which commenced in 2007. In this project, the neoliberal dimension manifests in the idea that the state, private companies and citizens together are responsible for (re)constructing urban space, and further, that beneficiaries should behave as autonomous citizens, taking responsibility for their new living environment. The leftist political dimension is seen in participatory procedures to involve the target population from project design through to implementation, in expectation of their cooperation with the government. The modernist aesthetics – of straight lines, open spaces and visible order – informs the project design with the requirement to use the new houses and public spaces according to the standards of ‘modern civilization’. As our research shows, such a regime of spatial ordering clashes with the livelihoods of the urban poor, whose quality of life might even deteriorate as a result of the intervention. Furthermore, so‐called participatory procedures fail to grant the target population any real influence in creating their environment. Consequently, these residents of the new housing estate drastically reconstruct their private and public areas, reappropriating the urban space and contesting the regime of spatial ordering imposed upon them. 相似文献
8.
A SOTER-based automatic procedure for qualitative land evaluation is developed. This procedure was created in the automated land evaluation system (ALES). The objective was to design a procedure that allows for a quick separation of potentially suitable from non-suitable SOTER units for the intended land use, indicating constraints to different kinds of land use. Different kinds of land are unequal1y suited to various uses, land eva1uation is the assessment of the suitability of a tract of land for a specified kind of land use. In practice this implicates the comparison (matching) between the requirements of a specified land use and the properties of the land. Land evaluation concepts and definitions are treated in the paper. The ALES is a computer program that allows land evaluators to build their own knowledge-based system with which they can compute the physical and economical suitability of map units in accordance with FAO framework for land evaluation. The ALES program works with so-called decision trees, being hierarchical multiway keys in which the leaves are results (e.g., severity levels of land qualities), and the interior nodes of the tree are decision criteria (e.g., land characteristic values). These trees are traversed by the program to compute an evaluation using actual land data for each map unit. SOTAL is a SOTER-based qualitative model developed in ALES for physical land evaluation in which presently three land utilization types (LUTs) are distinguished, i.e., cultivated banana, coffee and rubber under different input and technological conditions. These LUTs are characterized by 11 landuse requirements and evaluated by matching the land use requirements with the corresponding land qualities. The paper elaborates on the criteria used in SOTAL for land quality assessment and how a final suitability rating is achieved on the basis of the rated land qualities. Results are visualized through G1S-generated maps as products in response to the specific information and data needs of decision and policy makers. 相似文献
9.
Exploring suitability for tropical crop cultivation in Hainan Island by SOTAL methodology 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
1 Introduction Land degradation is a major threat to environmental and agricultural quality of land[1] and is directly related to food security issues. An instrument for decision-makers to plan or stimulate allocation of land to users that can be sustained and are economically viable and socially acceptable. Different kinds of land are unequally suited to various uses. Land evaluation is the assessment of the suitability of a tract of land for a specified kind of use and it provides objective… 相似文献
10.
Song Haokun 《云南地理环境研究》1999,(Z1)
１ ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｕｒａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｉｓｔｈｅｓｅｔｏｆａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄａｃｔｉｏｎｓｔａｋｅｎｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒｂｙｄｉｖｅｒｓｅｉｎｄｉ－ｖｉｄｕａｌｓａｎｄｏｒｇａｎｉｓａｔｉｏｎｌｅａｄｉｎｇｔｏｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓ．Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｅｏｐｌｅｄｅｆｉｎｅｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌｙ：ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙｉｔｅｑｕａｌｓｔｏｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｎｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ－ｇｒｏｗｔｈｏｆｉｎｃｏｍｅｓａｎｄｗｅａｌｔｈ．Ｐｏｖｅｒｔｙａｌｌｅｖｉ… 相似文献
11.
KATHARINE ISLAY MCKINNON 《The Geographical journal》2006,172(1):22-34
Post-colonial critiques of development reveal the neo-colonial potential of the development project, embedded in the imbalances of power in relations between West and East, First World and Third World. One of the core responses to the challenge of such a critique has been to turn to new participatory approaches that privilege local knowledges, locally defined needs and priorities, above the vagaries of aid agencies or the 'expertise' of development professionals. In this paper I argue that such a shift in development discourse and method has had a significant impact on the discursive practices of professionalism and professional responsibility. Drawing on ethnographic research with development professionals in northern Thailand, I argue that participation has emerged as a new orthodoxy among development professionals who seek to identify themselves as ethical and moral agents of an emancipatory development project. The rise of such orthodoxy has had clear impacts in terms of fostering the emergence of local organization and advocacy groups. At the same time, however, this paper considers how a 'pro-local' orthodoxy may also be having dis-enabling effects for the very project of emancipation that professionals wish to carry out. 相似文献
12.
三江源生态保护和建设一期工程生态成效评估 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
邵全琴 樊江文 刘纪远 黄麟 曹巍 徐新良 葛劲松 吴丹 李志强 巩国丽 聂学敏 贺添 王立亚 邴龙飞 李其江 陈卓奇 张更权 张良侠 杨永顺 杨帆 周万福 刘璐璐 祁永刚 赵国松 李愈哲 《地理学报》2016,71(1):3-34
基于生态系统结构--服务动态过程趋势分析,针对生态保护与建设工程预期目标,构建了由生态系统结构,质量,服务及其变化因素构成的生态成效评估指标体系,研究发展野外观测,遥感监测和生态过程定量模拟一体化的监测评估技术体系,评估了三江源生态保护和建设一期工程的生态成效.结果表明:工程实施8年以来,三江源区宏观生态状况趋好但尚未达到1970s比较好的生态状况,草地持续退化趋势得到初步遏制但难以达到预期"草地植被盖度提高平均20%~40%"的目标,水体与湿地生态系统整体有所恢复,生态系统水源涵养和流域水供给能力提高,区域水源涵养量达到了增加13.20亿m3目标;重点工程区内生态恢复程度好于非工程区,除了气候影响以外,工程的实施对促进植被恢复具有明显而积极的作用;然而,草地退化局面没有获得根本性扭转,工程实施尚未遏制土壤水蚀增加趋势,一期工程局部性和初步性特点突显出三江源区生态保护任务的长期性和艰巨性. 相似文献
13.
Suprabha Tripathi 《The Professional geographer》2000,52(2):218-232
I use a gender framework to examine why women need to utilize social networks to discover and resolve problems related to reproductive tract infections (RTI) and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). In India, women's health is linked with social status and perception of their health needs. This paper provides insight on how social networks are gender‐, location‐, and context‐specific and how they are linked to STD issues. This paper examines why social networks are integral to women. The health‐seeking behavior of rural and urban casual sex workers is examined via Q‐analysis, a language of mapping relationships. Results from Q‐analysis reveal women's use of four systems—kinship, belief, traditional medical, and western medical services. Finally, I conclude with important implications for research on gender relations and social networks. 相似文献
14.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(3):83-92
Abstract This article examines the use of concept mapping for formative and summative assessment of northeast Florida middle school students’ knowledge of human geography. The students were participants in an afterschool, academic, college reach-out program that provided opportunities to test concept mapping strategies that support spatial thinking and stimulate interest in human geography. The study documents the use of concept mapping for assessment of seventh graders’ achievement of a specific lesson and for students’ human geography achievement across all implementation grades. Concept mapping results provided insight into aspects of the curriculum and instruction where appropriate modifications could better facilitate meaningful learning. 相似文献
15.
Operationalising sustainability science for a sustainability directive? Reflecting on three pilot projects 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) will challenge traditional single discipline or single issue approaches to research, requiring instead new forms such as 'sustainability science'. Sustainability science requires the integration of multiple perspectives to resolve place-based problems. This paper will illustrate some of the challenges and emergent understandings that were observed during three research projects that could be characterised as attempting to practice sustainability science. The first two projects focused on designing and developing an integrated assessment approach to analyse possible programmes of measures for the WFD. The third project is an evaluation of a European project that piloted specific measures that might be implemented under WFD. The findings highlight the institutional changes required to deliver sustainability science. To summarise, both the 'rules-in-use' and the 'play-of-the-game', to use the language of the institutional analysis and development framework, will have to change to provide sufficient incentives to make the transition from traditional science to sustainability science. 相似文献
16.
Development and Implementation of a Bayesian-based Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment in Florida 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
Jonathan D. Arthur H. Alex R. Wood Alan E. Baker James R. Cichon Gary L. Raines 《Natural Resources Research》2007,16(2):93-107
The Florida Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment (FAVA) was designed to provide a tool for environmental, regulatory, resource
management, and planning professionals to facilitate protection of groundwater resources from surface sources of contamination.
The FAVA project implements weights-of-evidence (WofE), a data-driven, Bayesian-probabilistic model to generate a series of
maps reflecting relative aquifer vulnerability of Florida’s principal aquifer systems. The vulnerability assessment process,
from project design to map implementation is described herein in reference to the Floridan aquifer system (FAS). The WofE
model calculates weighted relationships between hydrogeologic data layers that influence aquifer vulnerability and ambient
groundwater parameters in wells that reflect relative degrees of vulnerability. Statewide model input data layers (evidential
themes) include soil hydraulic conductivity, density of karst features, thickness of aquifer confinement, and hydraulic head
difference between the FAS and the watertable. Wells with median dissolved nitrogen concentrations exceeding statistically
established thresholds serve as training points in the WofE model. The resulting vulnerability map (response theme) reflects
classified posterior probabilities based on spatial relationships between the evidential themes and training points. The response
theme is subjected to extensive sensitivity and validation testing. Among the model validation techniques is calculation of
a response theme based on a different water-quality indicator of relative recharge or vulnerability: dissolved oxygen. Successful
implementation of the FAVA maps was facilitated by the overall project design, which included a needs assessment and iterative
technical advisory committee input and review. Ongoing programs to protect Florida’s springsheds have led to development of
larger-scale WofE-based vulnerability assessments. Additional applications of the maps include land-use planning amendments
and prioritization of land purchases to protect groundwater resources. 相似文献
17.
本文在分析现代意义土地整理效益评价理论内涵的基础上,通过对整理区现状基础资料及土地整理相关资料收集并进行系统的分析,从经济效益、社会效益、生态效益三个方面选取了15个评价指标,建立了一套土地整理效益评价指标体系。利用层次分析法确定其权重,运用TOPSIS模型对内蒙古自治区3个井灌土地整理项目进行实例分析,实例分析结果表明:3个土地整理项目综合效益实施结果塔布赛乡整理项目实施综合效益为0.8,伍什家镇整理项目实施综合效益为0.64,双河镇整理项目实施综合效益为0.56,从土地整理实施综合效益等级上划分,塔布赛乡土地整理项目达到优秀等级,伍什家镇土地整理整理项目、双河镇土地整理项目效益良好。 相似文献
18.
退耕还林还草工程对黄土高原植被总初级生产力的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用Landsat解译的2000年和2015年土地利用/覆盖数据和VPM模型（Vegetation Photosynthesis Model）模拟的2000~2016年总初级生产力（Gross Primary Productivity, GPP）数据,识别出了近16 a黄土高原退耕还林还草的空间范围,并估算了GPP的年际变化趋势。在此基础上,对比分析了退耕区和未退耕区GPP年际变化的差异,从而揭示退耕还林还草工程对GPP年际变化的影响。结果显示,2000~2015年,黄土高原退耕还林还草面积约3.5万km 2,占2000年耕地面积的16.8%。期间,GPP呈增加趋势,GPP显著上升区域占全区面积的67.3%,平均增速24.1 g/(m 2?a)（以C计,下同）。虽然退耕区多年平均GPP低于未退耕区,但退耕区GPP年际增速和相对变化率明显高于未退耕区,分别提高了5.9 g/(m 2?a)和1.5%。 相似文献
19.
大连居民的城市宜居性评价 总被引：17，自引：2，他引：15
以2006 年大连市大规模调查问卷为基础数据, 运用数理统计和GIS 分析手段, 从“居住安全性”、“生活方便性”、“居住舒适性”、“出行便利性” 和“环境健康性” 五大类指标出发, 首先, 对大连的城市宜居性的综合水平和各要素进行了评价; 其次, 研究了宜居性评 价结果与居民的收入、家庭构成、学历、年龄、性别等社会经济属性特征之间的相关关系;然后, 按照居民的四类社会属性, 利用聚类分析方法, 研究了大连工薪阶层、年轻白领、低收入阶层和年轻打工族等四类人群对城市宜居性的评价差异, 其中, 拥有高收入和高学历的工薪阶层和年轻白领对大连的宜居现状满意;低收入阶层和年轻打工族收入偏低, 居住区主要位于市郊和老工业区等, 对大连的宜居性评价较低。 相似文献
20.
The reform of global production mode and social system accelerate the process of urbanization, and the urban-rural factors accelerate rural space diversification. Based on the space production theory and game theory, this paper analyzed the space diversification process and its influence on Beicun village. The results show that:(1) In the past 30 years, the development of Beicun has experienced three stages: agricultural development, industrial development, and service industrial development. The industrial structure has changed from single to diverse. The transformation of agricultural decentralization to rural community has been realized.(2) Accompanying the rural economic development transformation, the land use type and structure of Beicun has diversified. The spatial relationship of various types of land use was complicated and gave rise to new characteristics of mixed land for commercial and residential use, and industrial and commercial use, gradually forming a circular spatial layout structure model of public service facilities, traditional residential areas and modern residential areas, commercial areas, agricultural and industrial areas.(3) Rural space diversification was mainly due to the intervention of new industries and the transformation of leading industries. The endogenous land transferring mechanism and exogenous urban capital jointly promoted the industrialization process, and the market power promoted the transformation of industry into the service industry.(4) The industrialization process promoted the functional replacement of historical buildings by village organizations. It changed the social relations of the village with the blood clan and geography oriented, and produced the occupational relation between migrant workers and urban low-income groups.(5) The multi-differentiation of suburban rural space followed the game logic of capital and land interests. The rural community played a key mediation in the competition for space and the game of interests among local villagers, farmers, economic cooperation, industrial operators, and service owners. 相似文献