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1.
The hypothesis that the Permo–Triassic boundary (PTB) mass extinctions were caused by flood basalt volcanism in Russia (Siberian Traps) and/or China (the Emeishan Traps) is investigated from the point of view of time of occurrence (40Ar/39Ar ages). Numerous published ages in the literature are rejected as good estimates of the time of crystallization. The filters applied in this respect are (a) statistical reliability of plateau/isochron sections of stepheating data and (b) the alteration state of the material that was dated. Alteration appears to be ubiquitous, unsurprising since most of the material dated was used without acid leaching – a procedure that is effective in yielding fresh(er) samples. Of ∼70 ages in the literature for the main pulse of Siberian Trap volcanism, less than ten prove to be reliable ages. Similar techniques applied to 40Ar/39Ar for the Emeishan Traps, leaves only a single reliable age for the magmatic episode. These ages are compared to both published and new 40Ar/39Ar ages for the PTB as based on analysis of minerals from critical ash beds in China. There is good overlap in the ages (PTB – 250.0 ± 0.1 Ma, Siberian Trap lavas – 250.1 ± 0.4 Ma), lending credence to a genetic link between the formation of the Siberian Traps and the faunal extinction event at the PTB. A similar link for the formation of the Viluy Traps (Russia) and the Late Devonian extinction event is investigated; only a single reliable 40Ar/39Ar age is available for the Viluy Traps, and falls close to the interpolated age for the Frasnian–Fammenian boundary. The use of the unspiked K–Ar technique to yield accurate ages for such (altered) samples is questioned.A review of U–Pb data pertinent to these problems suggests a close temporal link between the formation of the Siberian Traps and the PTB. Comparison of U–Pb and 40Ar/39Ar ages for the PTB, raises questions about the accuracy of high precision sanidine ages, possibly resulting from very slow leakage of 40Ar1 from this mineral.  相似文献   

2.
The temporal coincidence between the Late Permian mass extinction (LPME) and the emplacement of Siberian Trap basalts suggests a causal link between the two events. Here, we discuss stratigraphic changes of organic and inorganic (including isotopic) geochemical properties of marine sediments across the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB) in the Hovea-3 core, Western Australia, a key PTB section in the southern Neo-Tethys ocean. These data are compared with published data from the Meishan section, southern China, and from the Opal Creek section in western Canada, providing a view of Tethys and Panthalassa changes at the PTB. Trace metal and N-isotopic data, together with organic matter properties suggest that anoxic conditions were established prior to the LPME, intensified close to the LPME, and continued with photic-zone euxinia into the Early Triassic. For the Hovea-3 section, Re-Os ages confirm Changhsingian (253.5 ± 1.4 Ma) deposition of the dated interval sampled immediately below the stratigraphic level characterized by major lithological and isotopic changes. Evaluation of Re-Os, N, and Hg elemental and isotopic data for Hovea-3 suggests that anoxic conditions in the latest Permian were generally unrelated to direct magmatic contributions. A major increase in the initial Os isotopic ratio of Lower Triassic shales suggest an ~8× increase in the Early Triassic continental runoff, based on moderately conservative assumptions for end-members contributing Os to the Permian–Triassic ocean. Comparison to other PTB sections confirms a global signal of increasing Re/Os ratios in the Late Permian, and major and long-lived changes in the isotopic composition of the post-extinction ocean. A distinct peak in Hg concentrations carrying a volcanic isotopic signature, also identified in other PTB sections, likely represents a major pulse of Siberian Trap volcanism. This Hg peak in the Hovea-3 section, however, is detected above the stratigraphic level containing multiple other widely recognized and more permanent geochemical changes. Therefore, direct volcanic inputs to the Permian–Triassic Ocean likely post-date the LPME in this Western Australian section.  相似文献   

3.
The Qinling Orogenic Belt in Central China is formed by an oblique continental collision between the North China and South China Blocks. In this review, we summarize the knowledge of the early Mesozoic magmatism, in combination with the coeval metamorphic characteristics, regional structural features and depositional history in the foreland and hinterland basins along the Qinling-Dabie Orogen. The early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Qinling is divided into four stages. Stage I (~250–235 Ma) is characterized by medium-K calc-alkaline magmatism in the western Qinling induced by slab roll-back. Meanwhile, ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism was triggered by continental subduction in the Sulu-Dabie, indicating a diachronous closure of the ocean. Stage II (~235–225 Ma) is recognized as a magmatic gap. Depositional variations of sedimentary facies and compressional deformations with an increased crustal thickness reflect the initial collision in the Qinling. Stage III (~225–210 Ma) is distinguished by a magmatic flare-up event. Abundant mantle-derived melts coupled with extensive crustal-derived melts were coeval with rapid uplift, strike-slip movement and regional crustal thickening in the Qinling as well as retrograde metamorphism in the Sulu-Dabie. The main tectonic driver was the propagating detachment of the subducted oceanic slab at gradually shallower depth from the Sulu-Dabie to the Qinling. Stage IV (~210–190 Ma) magmatism is dominated by high silica granites derived from metasedimentary rocks. The rapid denudation rates and extensional structures indicate gravitational collapse and regional delamination of the thickened crust. In addition to the strike-slip faults and block extrusion, the Qinling is characterized by asymmetric distribution patterns of magmatism and metamorphism, different melting mechanisms over time; diachronous depositions, differential uplift and non-uniform crustal thickening, and regional delamination of the thickened orogenic root. All these features are the result of the oblique collision, which is a common process in nature, and therefore could be applied to other orogens.  相似文献   

4.
Several studies of the marine sedimentary record have documented the evolution of global climate during the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. By contrast, the continental records have been less exploited due to the scarcity of continuous sections from the latest Permian into the Early Triassic. The South African Karoo Basin exposes one of the most continuous geological successions of this time interval, thus offering the possibility to reconstruct climate variations in southern Laurasia from the Middle Permian to Middle Triassic interval. Both air temperature and humidity variations were estimated using stable oxygen (δ18Op) and carbon (δ13Cc) isotope compositions of vertebrate apatite. Significant fluctuations in both δ18Op and δ13Cc values mimic those of marine records and suggest that stable isotope compositions recorded in vertebrate apatite reflect global climate evolution. In terms of air temperature, oxygen isotopes show an abrupt increase of about + 8 °C toward the end of the Wuchiapingian. This occurred during a slight cooling trend from the Capitanian to the Permo-Triassic boundary (PTB). At the end of the Permian, an intense and fast warming of + 16 °C occurred and kept increasing during the Olenekian. These thermal fluctuations may be related to the Emeishan (South China) and Siberian volcanic paroxysms that took place at the end of the Capitanian and at the end of the Permian, respectively. Vertebrate apatite δ13Cc partly reflects the important fluctuations of the atmospheric δ13C values, the differences with marine curves being likely due to the evolution of local humidity. Both the oxygen and carbon isotope compositions indicate that the PTB was followed by a warm and arid phase that lasted 6 Ma before temperatures decreased, during the Late Anisian, toward that of the end-Permian. Environmental fluctuations occurring around the PTB that affected both continental and marine realms with similar magnitude likely originated from volcanism and methane release.  相似文献   

5.
《Gondwana Research》2014,26(4):1357-1368
Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2) during the Cenomanian–Turonian (C/T) transition caused stepwise marine extinctions. Using organic compounds, stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, and foraminifera from three depth-transect sections in northern Spain, this study revealed repeated anoxic/euxinic events coinciding with warming and stepwise extinctions of planktonic and/or benthic foraminifera within intermediate to surface waters in the proto-North Atlantic during the C/T transition. Those short-duration euxinic events occurred four times: at 93.95 Ma, marked by the extinction of Rotalipora greenhornensis; at 93.90 Ma, marked by the extinction of Rotalipora cushmani; at the mid-time maximum of the plateau of the δ13C of carbonates (93.70 Ma); and at the time of the C/T boundary (93.55 Ma). Furthermore, the main benthic foraminiferal extinctions occurred during the first and second euxinic events in the upper slope, during the second and third euxinic events in the outer to middle shelf, and during the third and fourth events in the middle shelf. The main euxinic events in each section also showed a progression to the shallow shelf. The main anoxia–extinction events occurred in the upper slope and outer shelf then moved to the middle shelf. The shallowest section had relatively weak anoxia and a proportionally low extinction rate. These new findings indicate that foraminiferal extinctions started from the intermediate water and the continental slope and then moved to the continental shelf. This was the result of the repeated progression of euxinic–anoxic water from the upper slope to the middle shelf on the eastern continental margin of the proto-North Atlantic four times during a 400 kyr period, to the end of the Cenomanian.  相似文献   

6.
1 Introduction The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB) has been ratified by IUGS in 2001 (Yin et al., 2001). It is defined at the base of the Hindeodus parvus horizon, i.e. the base of Bed 27c of Meishan Section D, Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, South China. The PTB is important because it is not only an erathem boundary but also a great turning point of geological history symbolized by profound global changes and the strongest …  相似文献   

7.
青山群火山岩是华北克拉通破坏期间最具代表性的地幔或地壳熔融产物,记录了华北深部地质演化的重要信息。本文对胶东青山群基性火山岩进行了40Ar/39Ar定年和岩石地球化学分析,结合前人报道的胶东青山群酸性火山岩资料,发现:(1)基性火山岩喷发年龄为122～113Ma,早于青山群酸性火山岩(110～98Ma);(2)基性和酸性火山岩显示了不同的元素和同位素地球化学特征。岩石成因分析表明,基性火山岩为交代富集地幔部分熔融作用的产物,而酸性火山岩为古老下地壳和中生代底侵岩浆的熔融产物(Ling et al.,2009)。因此,胶东地区青山群火山岩记录了岩浆熔融源区从地幔向下地壳的转变。这与长时间尺度的岩石圈减薄过程中热能由地幔向地壳传递过程相吻合,而不同于地壳拆沉作用所预测的岩浆演化趋势。  相似文献   

8.
Whole-rock 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O analyses of volcanic rocks and 3He/4He analyses of sulphides and sulphates from mineralized rocks on Wetar, Indonesia indicate a variable contribution of assimilated crustal material or sediment sourced from the subducted Australian craton to the south. These new data support the idea of progressive source contamination with precisely dated events showing that Wetar Island hosts the most extreme examples of crustal assimilation in the region. The increased continental contamination occurs during the Pliocene (Zanclian to Piacenzian) during distinct magmatic events between 5 and 4 Ma, and at 2.4 Ma when 87Sr/86Sr ratios in unaltered lavas, with whole-rock δ18O values between 5.7 and 9.6‰, increase from 0.707484 to extreme radiogenic values of 0.711656.The earlier of these magmatic events is important in the generation of the hydrothermal systems responsible for the mineralization recorded on Wetar. Samples from this yield radiogenic 3He/4He ratios between 0.5 and 1.4 R/RA, similar to the data from volcanic rocks on nearby Romang. The later magmatic event coincides with the arrival of the Australian Continental Margin at the subduction zone along the Banda arc. Progressive incorporation of continental-sourced components into the source region below the Wetar Island edifice coincides with the formation of gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits hosted within the contaminated volcanic pile.  相似文献   

9.
二叠系-三叠系界线全球层型剖面——回顾和进展   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
殷鸿福  鲁立强 《地学前缘》2006,13(6):257-267
综合评述了5年来对二叠系—三叠系界线(PTB)全球层型剖面——煤山D剖面的研究进展。简要介绍剖面的研究历史、地理和地质背景,叙述了世界上最完整的二叠纪长兴期至三叠纪格里斯巴赫期的牙形石和菊石带,并简短讨论了Otoceras的年代。叙述了煤山与其他剖面长兴期至格里斯巴赫期磁性地层学的对比。介绍了δ13C和δ34S的化学地层学最新研究进展,特别是在PTB附近多个δ13C负漂移的发现。两项重要的分子地层学研究显示了基础生态系统的深刻变化——微生物生态系的灾变和在二叠纪—三叠纪生态系之交严重缺氧事件期间透光带的静海相环境。文章报道了自2001年以来PTB年代测定的进展。PTB之下14cm处火山成因的粘土层25层的年代,现在定为(252·4±0·3)Ma(Mundil等,2004)。文章还讨论了事件地层学,认为尽管在25-26层有一个主事件,煤山PTB附近的事件是多幕式的,并且开始于事件层25-26层之前。因此,PTB大绝灭主因是外星撞击导致的可能性是不大的。  相似文献   

10.
Accretionary orogens are hallmarks of subduction tectonics along convergent plate margins. Here we report a sequence of low-grade metasediments carrying exhumed blocks of ultramafic, mafic and felsic rocks from Sargur in the Western Dharwar Craton in India. These rocks occur along the southern domain of the Chitradurga Suture Zone, which marks the boundary between the Western and Central Dharwar Cratons and thus provide a window to explore Archean convergent margin processes. We present zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf data from Sargur metasediments including quartz mica schist, fine-grained quartzite, and pelitic schist, as well as from blocks/layers of trondhjemite, garnet amphibolite, and chromite-bearing serpentinite occurring within the metasedimentary accretionary belt. The detrital zircon grains from the metasediments show multiple age groups, with the oldest age as 3482 Ma and an age peak at 2862 Ma. Magmatic zircons in trondhjemite show 207Pb/206Pb weighted mean age of ca. 2972 Ma, whereas those in the chromite-bearing serpentinite display multiple age populations of ca. 2896, 2750, 2648, 2566 and 2463 Ma, tracing zircon crystallization in an evolving mantle wedge adjacent to a subducting oceanic plate. Metamorphism is dated as ca. 2444 Ma from zircon grains in the garnet amphibolite. Zircon εHf(t) in the mafic-ultramafic rocks and trondhjemite are mostly positive, suggesting a juvenile (depleted mantle) source. The detrital zircon Lu-Hf data suggest that the sediment source involved Paleoarchean juvenile and reworked components. Based on our findings, we propose that the Sargur sequence represents an accretionary mélange which forms part of a major Mesoarchean accretionary orogen that witnessed multiple stages of tectonic erosion at least during three periods at ca. 3200–3000 Ma, 3000–2800 Ma and 2800–2500 Ma removing a large part of the accretionary prism along the convergent margin. We correlate the processes with prolonged subduction-accretion cycle culminating in the final collision between the Western and Central Dharwar cratonic blocks.  相似文献   

11.
李壮  郎兴海  章奇志  何亮 《岩石学报》2019,35(3):737-759
浦桑果矿床位于拉萨地块冈底斯成矿带中段,为侵入岩体与钙质围岩接触带内形成的矽卡岩型高品位铜多金属矿床(Cu@1. 42%,Pb+Zn@2. 83%),是冈底斯成矿带目前唯一一个大型富铜铅锌(钴镍)矿床。本文以浦桑果矿床相关中酸性侵入岩体(黑云母花岗闪长岩和闪长玢岩)为主要研究对象,开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩主微量元素、全岩SrNd-Pb及锆石Lu-Hf同位素研究,旨在厘定侵入岩体的形成时代、岩石成因及成岩成矿的动力学背景。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,黑云母花岗闪长岩和闪长玢岩侵位年龄分别为13. 6～14. 4Ma和13. 6～14. 6Ma,岩体形成时代均属中新世。岩石地球化学特征表明,闪长玢岩和黑云母花岗闪长岩均属高钾钙碱性I型花岗质岩石;岩石普遍具高Sr含量(599×10~(-6)～1616×10~(-6))、高Sr/Y(48. 2～132. 3)和高(La/Yb)N(19. 6～25. 4)比值特征,具低Y(10. 38×10~(-6)～12. 70×10~(-6))和Yb含量(0. 79×10~(-6)～1. 17×10~(-6))特征,表现出埃达克质岩的地球化学属性。全岩稀土元素表现为明显富集轻稀土元素(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(LILEs),而相对亏损重稀土元素(HREEs)和高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti等(HFSE)。全岩Sr-Nd-Pb及锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,浦桑果矿床相关中酸性岩石与冈底斯成矿带中新世大多斑岩-矽卡岩矿床紧密相关的埃达克质侵入岩体具相似的同位素组成特征,指示岩石具同源岩浆特征且埃达克质岩浆主要起源于拉萨地块加厚新生下地壳。浦桑果矿床中酸性岩体主要形成于后碰撞伸展的构造背景,因碰撞挤压向后碰撞伸展背景的构造转换,引起印度大陆岩石圈发生拆沉(42～25Ma)及拉萨地块中富集岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融,从而形成富含Cu、Co等基性岩浆熔体底侵加厚新生下地壳(25～18Ma),导致拉萨地块加厚新生下地壳中部分石榴子石角闪岩相发生部分熔融,最终形成闪长质熔体于浦桑果矿区有利构造部位形成具埃达克质属性的中酸性侵入岩体(13～14Ma)和矽卡岩型铜多金属矿体。  相似文献   

12.
The latest Permian was a time of major change in ocean chemistry, accompanying the greatest mass extinction of the Phanerozoic. To examine the nature of these changes, samples from two well-studied marine sections that span the Permian-Triassic boundary have been analyzed: the Meishan and Shangsi sections located in Southern China. Isotopic analysis of the carbonate-associated sulfate in these samples provides a detailed record of several isotopic shifts in δ34SCAS approaching and across the PTB, ranging from +30 to −15‰ (VCDT), with repeated asynchronous fluctuations at the two locations. We interpret the patterns of isotopic shifts, in conjunction with other data, to indicate a shallow unstable chemocline overlying euxinic deep-water which periodically upwelled into the photic zone. These chemocline upward excursion events introduced sulfide to the photic zone stimulating a bloom of phototrophic sulfur oxidizing bacteria. We hypothesize that elemental sulfur globules produced by these organisms and 34S-depleted pyrite produced in the euxinic water column were deposited in the sediment; later oxidation led to incorporation as CAS. This created the large changes to the δ34SCAS observed in the latest Permian at these locations.  相似文献   

13.
The Hadamengou-Liubagou Au-Mo deposit is the largest gold deposit in Inner Mongolia of North China. It is hosted by amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphic rocks of the Archean Wulashan Group. To the west and north of the deposit, there occur three alkaline intrusions, including the Devonian-Carboniferous Dahuabei granitoid batholith, the Triassic Shadegai granite and the Xishadegai porphyritic granite with molybdenum mineralization. Over one hundred subparallel, sheet-like ore veins are confined to the nearly EW-trending faults in the deposit. They typically dip 40° to 80° to the south, with strike lengths from hundreds to thousands of meters. Wall rock alterations include potassic, phyllic, and propylitic alteration. Four distinct mineralization stages were identified at the deposit, including K-feldspar-quartz-molybdenite stage (I), quartz-pyrite-epidote/chlorite stage (II), quartz-polymetallic sulfide-gold stage (III), and carbonate-sulfate-quartz stage (IV). Gold precipitated mainly during stage III, while Mo mineralization occurred predominantly in stage I. The δDH2O and δ18OH2O values of the ore-forming fluids range from −125‰ to −62‰ and from 1.4‰ to 7.5‰, respectively, indicating that the fluids were dominated by magmatic water with a minor contribution of meteoric water. The δ13CPDB and δ18OSMOW values of hydrothermal carbonate minerals vary from −10.3‰ to −3.2‰ and from 3.7‰ to 15.3‰, respectively, suggesting a magmatic carbon origin. The δ34SCDT values of sulfides from the ores vary from −21.7‰ to 5.4‰ and are typically negative (mostly −20‰ to 0‰). The wide variation of the δ34SCDT values, the relatively uniform δ13C values of carbonates (typically −5.5‰ to −3.2‰), as well as the common association of barite with sulfides suggest that the minerals were precipitated under relatively high fo2 conditions, probably in a magmatic fluid with δ34SƩS ≈ 0‰. The Re-Os isotopic dating on molybdenite from Hadamengou yielded a weighted average age of 381.6 ± 4.3 Ma, indicating that the Mo mineralization occurred in Late Devonian. Collectively, previous 40Ar-39Ar and Re-Os isotopic dates roughly outlined two ranges of mineralizing events of 382–323 Ma and 240–218 Ma that correspond to the Variscan and the Indosinian epochs, respectively. The Variscan event is approximately consistent with the Mo mineralization at Hadamengou-Liubagou and the emplacement of the Dahuabei Batholith, whereas the Indosinian event roughly corresponds to the possible peak Au mineralization of the Hadamengou-Liubagou deposit, as well as the magmatic activity and associated Mo mineralization at Xishadegai and Shadegai. Geologic, petrographic and isotopic evidence presented in this study suggest that both gold and molybdenum mineralization at Hadamengou-Liubagou is of magmatic hydrothermal origin. The molybdenum mineralization is suggested to be associated with the magmatic activity during the southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean beneath the North China Craton (NCC) in Late Devonian. The gold mineralization is most probably related to the magma-derived hydrothermal fluids during the post-collisional extension in Triassic, after the final suturing between the Siberian and NCC in Late Permian.  相似文献   

14.
寻找扬子板块西南地区古老结晶基底一直是众多地质学者追寻的目标,其涉及扬子板块在Nuna超大陆重建中的位置和演化过程,也是前寒武纪研究的重要课题。继在扬子板块西南部中国云南石屏撮科村首次报道2.35Ga花岗片麻岩结晶基底后,又在撮科村—高家坡一带3个花岗岩样品中分别获得了2347.3±4.9Ma、2324.3±8.6Ma和2329.4±5.9Ma的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄,进一步确认扬子板块西南部中国境内存在2.32～2.35Ga的岩浆事件,其应为Nuna超大陆汇聚期Arrowsmith造山事件在扬子板块的响应。另在1件糜棱岩化花岗闪长岩样品中获得了1909.8±5.7Ma和1843.1±7.6Ma两组年龄,在扬子板块西南部中国境内首次发现1.90Ga和1.84Ga的构造或变质事件。结合前人研究成果,确定扬子板块西南部存在2.91～2.84Ga,2.36～2.32Ga,2.28～2.19Ga的岩浆事件,以及1.97～1.95Ga,1.90Ga,1.84～1.83Ga的变质事件,为确定扬子板块在Nuna超大陆重建中的位置提供了更多证据。  相似文献   

15.
徐斌  蒋少涌  罗兰 《岩石学报》2015,31(3):701-708
江西彭山锡多金属矿集区位于江西省德安县,处于钦杭成矿带东段靠扬子板块一侧,是扬子板块东南缘地区一个重要的锡多金属矿集区。目前该地区尚缺乏精确可靠的成矿年代学资料。本文应用LA-MC-ICP-MS微区原位U-Pb同位素测年技术,对矿集区内尖峰坡矿床中锡石样品进行了研究,获得尖峰坡锡矿的206Pb/207Pb-238U/207Pb等时线年龄129.7±2.5Ma(N=31,MSWD=5.5),207Pb/206Pb-238U/206Pb谐和年龄为128.3±2.5Ma(N=31,MSWD=7.6),表明尖峰坡矿区锡成矿作用主要发生在早白垩世,与已报道的彭山地区燕山期花岗岩的成岩年龄相一致。紧密的时间以及空间关系显示燕山晚期岩浆-热液活动对形成彭山锡多金属矿集区的大规模成矿作用至关重要。对华南地区锡钨区域成矿年代学对比表明,扬子板块东南缘的锡钨成矿带均形成于早白垩世(146~124Ma),这与其北侧的长江中下游成矿带九瑞-鄂东南铜多金属矿集区的成岩成矿时代相同,而明显不同于南岭地区晚侏罗世(160~150Ma)以及滇东南-桂西北地区晚白垩世(98~76Ma)的锡钨成矿作用,说明扬子板块东南缘具有与南岭以及滇东南-桂西北地区不同的锡钨成矿背景,而应与长江中下游地区的构造岩浆作用事件统一来开展深入研究。  相似文献   

16.
Detailed 40Ar/39Ar geochronology on single grains of muscovite was performed in the Variscan Tanneron Massif (SE France) to determine the precise timing of the post-collisional exhumation processes. Thirty-two plateau ages, obtained on metamorphic and magmatic rocks sampled along an east–west transect through the massif, vary from 302 ± 2 to 321 ± 2 Ma, and reveal a heterogeneous exhumation of the lower crust that lasted about 20 Ma during late Carboniferous. In the eastern part of the massif, the closure of the K–Ar isotopic system is at 311–315 Ma, whereas in the middle part of the massif it closes earlier at 317–321 Ma. These cooling paths are likely to be the result of differential exhumation processes of distinct crustal blocks controlled by a major ductile fault, the La Moure fault that separates both domains. In the western part of the massif, the ages decrease from 318 to 303 Ma approaching the Rouet granite, which provides the youngest age at 303.6 ± 1.2 Ma. This age distribution can be explained by the occurrence of a thermal structure spatially associated to the magmatic complex. These ages argue in favour of a cooling of the magmatic body at around 15 Ma after the country rocks in the western Tanneron. The emplacement of the Rouet granite in the core of an antiform is responsible for recrystallization and post-isotopic closure disturbances of the K–Ar chronometer in the muscovite from the host rocks. These new 40Ar/39Ar ages clearly outline that at least two different processes may contribute to the exhumation of the lower crust in the later stage of collision. During the first stage between 320 and 310 Ma, the differential motion of tectonic blocks limited by ductile shear zones controls the post-collisional exhumation. This event could be related to orogen parallel shearing associated with crustal-scale strike-slip faults and regional folding. The final exhumation stages at around 300 Ma take place within the tectonic doming associated to magmatic intrusions in the core of antiformal structures. Local ductile to brittle normal faulting is coeval to Upper Carboniferous intracontinental basins opening.  相似文献   

17.
Cyclostratigraphic analyses of Upper Pliensbachian and Lower Toarcian carbon-13 isotope (δ13C) data, together with radiometric dating, are used to calibrate biozones and magnetic chrons in the Astronomical Time Scale (ATS). In turn, the ATS is used to date sea-level and climate cycles in relation to the Early Toarcian carbon-isotope excursion (T-CIE) and the Karoo-Ferrar Large Igneous Provinces. The resulting chronology however is insufficiently accurate to determine if these global-scale events are causally related. In particular, cyclostratigraphic analyses typically underestimate the durations of biozones by failing to account for hiatuses in depositional discontinuities. To account for hiatuses this paper constructs a δ13C reference curve consisting of correlative segments from several localities and dates them with ammonite zones and subzones. By comparing the reference curve to those from numerous localities, four major discontinuity-prone intervals were identified and named ‘stratigraphic black holes’ (SBH). SBH 1 occurs in the Late Pliensbachian P. spinatum Zone. Early Toarcian SBH 2 occurs in a δ13C maximum interval in middle D. tenuicostatum Zone. The T-CIE is characterized by a decreasing δ13C trend (c. 0.4 myr falling limb) in D. semicelatum Subzone, a minimum δ13C interval (c. 0.4 myr valley) and an increasing δ13C trend (c. 0.4 myr rising limb) in the E. elegantulum Subzone. SBH 3 occurs at base T-CIE rising limb and SBH 4 near its top or above it in a c. 0.4 myr, post-T-CIE plateau in upper E. elegantulum Subzone. Comparisons to published floating chronologies resulted in an Early Toarcian timescale with ~1.0 myr for the D. tenuicostatum Zone, and ~1.6 myr for the H. serpentinum Zone. Initial volcanism in the Karoo Province correlates with the Pliensbachian/Toarcian boundary at ~183.6 Ma, while its second phase was coeval with the T-CIE. Volcanism in the Ferrar Province correlates with the T-CIE.  相似文献   

18.
大兴安岭扎兰屯地区前寒武纪变质岩系年龄及其构造意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
大兴安岭扎兰屯地区出露较多的前寒武纪变质岩系,包括先前认为是古元古代的兴华渡口群、新元古代的佳疙瘩组和新元古代—早寒武世的倭勒根岩群,但一直缺少精确的年代学依据。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,对这3个变质岩群的原岩时代进行了厘定。结果显示,兴华渡口群中绿泥石白云母片岩的锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为520.1±4.3Ma(n=11,MSWD=1.6),佳疙瘩组中长英质糜棱岩锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为512.0±2.9Ma,倭勒根岩群中绿泥绢云片岩最年轻锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为491.7±11.9Ma,年龄最密集区加权平均值为516.7±4.5Ma。锆石图像特征及Th/U值均显示岩浆型锆石特征。综上所述,扎兰屯地区出露的兴华渡口群、佳疙瘩组和倭勒根群形成时代均为早古生代早期,而非先前认为的"前寒武纪"。同时,上述年龄谱系表明,该地区在480~500Ma和500~530Ma存在2期强烈的岩浆活动,应与东北地区晚泛非期岩浆-变质事件有关。  相似文献   

19.
Compared to the extensively documented ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism at North Qaidam, the pre-metamorphic history for both continental crust and oceanic crust is poorly constrained. Trace element compositions, U–Pb ages, O and Lu–Hf isotopes obtained for distinct zircon domains from eclogites metamorphosed from both continental and oceanic mafic rocks are linked to unravel the origin and multi-stage magmatic/metamorphic evolution of eclogites from the North Qaidam ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHPM) belt, northern Tibet.For continental crust-derived eclogite, magmatic zircon cores from two samples with U–Pb ages of 875–856 Ma have both very high δ18O (10.6 ± 0.5‰) and mantle-like δ18O (averaging at 5.2 ± 0.7‰), high Th/U and 176Lu/177Hf ratios, and steep MREE-HREE distribution patterns (chondrite-normalized) with negative Eu anomalies. Combined with positive εHf (t) of 3.9–14.3 and TDM (1.2–0.8 Ga and 1.3–1.0 Ga, respectively), they are interpreted as being crystallized from either subduction-related mantle wedge or recycled material in the mantle. While the metamorphic rims from the eclogites have U–Pb ages of 436–431 Ma, varying (inherited, lower, and elevated) oxygen isotopes compared with cores, low Th/U and 176Lu/177Hf ratios, and flat HREE distribution patterns with no Eu anomalies. These reflect both solid-state recrystallization from the inherited zircon and precipitation from external fluids at metamorphic temperatures of 595–622 °C (TTi-in-zircon).For oceanic crust-derived eclogite, the magmatic cores (510 ± 19 Ma) and metamorphic rims (442.0 ± 3.7 Ma) also show distinction for Th/U and 176Lu/177Hf ratios, and the REE patterns and Eu anomalies. Combined with the mantle-like δ18O signature of 5.1 ± 0.3 ‰ and two groups of model age (younger TDM close to the apparent ages and older > 700 Ma), two possible pools, juvenile and inherited, were involved in mixing of mantle-derived magma with crustal components. The relatively high δ18O of 6.6 ± 0.3‰ for metamorphic zircon rims suggests either the protolith underwent hydrothermal alteration prior to the ~ 440 Ma oceanic crust subduction, or external higher δ18O fluid activities during UHP metamorphism at ~ 440 Ma.Therefore, the North Qaidam UHPM belt witnesses multiple tectonic evolution from Late Mesoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic assembly/breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent with related magmatic emplacement, then Paleozoic oceanic subduction, and finally transition of continental subduction/collision related to UHP metamorphism.  相似文献   

20.
Here, we present results of the first 40Ar/39Ar dating of osumilite, a high‐T mineral that occurs in some volcanic and high‐grade metamorphic rocks. The metamorphic osumilite studied here is from a metapelitic rock within the Rogaland–Vest Agder Sector, Norway, an area that experienced regional granulite facies metamorphism and subsequent contact metamorphism between 1,100 Ma and 850 Ma. The large grain size (~1 cm) of osumilite in the studied rock, which preserves a nominally anhydrous assemblage, increases the potential for large portions of individual grains to have remained essentially unaffected by the effects of diffusive argon loss, potentially preserving prograde ages. Step‐heating diffusion experiments yielded a maximum activation energy of ~461 kJ/mol and a pre‐exponential factor of ~8.34 × 108 cm2/s for Ar diffusion in osumilite. These parameters correspond to a relatively high closure temperature of ~620°C for a cooling rate of 10°C/Ma in an osumilite crystal with a 175 µm radius. Fragments of osumilite separated from the sample preserve a range of ages between c. 1,070 and 860 Ma. The oldest ages are inferred to date the growth of coarse‐grained osumilite during prograde granulite facies regional metamorphism, which pre‐date contact metamorphism that has historically been ascribed to the growth of osumilite in the region. The majority of fragments record ages between c. 920 and 860 Ma, inferred to reflect the growth of osumilite and/or diffusive argon loss during contact metamorphism. The retention of old 40Ar/39Ar dates was facilitated by the low diffusivity of Ar in osumilite (i.e. a closed system), large grain sizes, and anhydrous metamorphic conditions. The ability to date osumilite with the 40Ar/39Ar method provides a valuable new thermochronometer that may constrain the timing and duration of high‐T magmatic and metamorphic events.  相似文献   

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