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1.
了解不同区域表土植硅体组合特征及其对气候环境的响应过程，是利用植硅体指标恢复古植被和古气候的基础。本文通过对河北坝上地区103块表土植硅体的分析鉴定，共统计出棒型、尖型、帽型、鞍型、哑铃型、齿型、块状、扁平状、扇型、三棱柱型、锥骨状、导管型、弓型和特殊型14种植硅体类型，其中植硅体类型主要以棒型和尖型为主，而短细胞植硅体的含量较少。通过研究区相对暖湿区、暖干区、冷湿区和冷干区的表土植硅体组合特征对比发现，在相对较冷的区域棒型量含量较高，在相对较暖的区域扇型、扁平状和鞍型含量较高，在相对较湿的区域尖型含量较高，在相对暖湿的区域块状含量较高，在相对冷湿的区域齿型含量较高，这表明研究区表土植硅体组合特征对气候环境响应较为敏感。本研究成果可为重建坝上地区古植被和古气候提供基础资料。 相似文献
2.
植硅体形态测量学是植硅体研究的重要方向之一,随着学科交叉研究的深入,植硅体形态测量学在植物分类与生态学、环境考古学、全球变化与生态响应等领域得到快速发展。综合已有研究成果表明,长鞍型植硅体形态测量学在日本、中国的竹亚科属一级竹类生态学具有独特的指示作用,而扇型和长鞍型形态测量学在中国西南西双版纳竹亚科木本竹子属一级分类中具有重要的参考价值;稻亚科扇型形态测量学可以有效区分籼稻与粳稻,且扇型鱼鳞状纹饰与颖壳双峰植硅体形态测量学结合可以准确判别亚洲栽培稻与普通野生稻;黍亚科树状表皮长细胞形态测量学被成功运用到区分中国西北黍和粟及其亲缘物种的关系,葫芦科南瓜属刻面球型植硅体形态测量学揭示了野生种、半驯化种和驯化种之间植硅体形态大小及其关系,证实南美洲低地地区早全新世出现的南瓜驯化历史;中国东北不同环境条件下的禾本科羊草、芦苇植硅体形态测量学研究反映了陆生植物对全球变化的生理生态响应,为研究陆地生态系统对全球变化的响应及古环境重建提供了重要参考。 相似文献
3.
高寒沼泽湿地是青藏高原重要的水源涵养地,其沉积物是研究过去环境变化的重要载体.在三江源区果洛州（GLS）和青海湖北岸（QHHS）选取典型高寒沼泽湿地作为研究样地,调查其植被群落特征,并根据湿地沉积剖面的光释光年代和孢粉数据,分析湿地的古植被和古环境状况.结果表明：优势种（藏嵩草）在三江源区湿地群落和青海湖流域湿地群落中所占的优势度分别是24.43和14.74;从土壤孢粉信息表现出两个沼泽湿地自发育以来植被优势种以莎草科为主. GLS剖面显示,0～50 cm深和80～140 cm深的孢粉浓度显著高于50～80 cm深处的浓度;20 cm以下的沉积物中,花粉浓度与有机质含量呈正相关趋势,与δ13C呈负相关趋势.高寒沼泽湿地中,孢粉数据能较好地反映植物群落中莎草科的优势地位,与现生植物群落具有较好的一致性. 相似文献
4.
采用植硅体分析方法,对湖北荆门屈家岭遗址南部2015~2017年度主发掘区TN14W35探方内油子岭至石家河文化时期(5800~4200 a B.P.)的地层土样进行了系统取样分析,并重点对水稻扇型植硅体形态特征进行了研究.结果显示,遗址各文化时期土样中均含有丰富的水稻(Oryza sativa)特征型植硅体,表明稻作农业在屈家岭遗址各阶段先民植物资源的开发利用中始终占据着主导地位.同时,实验还在油子岭和屈家岭文化地层发现粟(Setaria italica)、黍(Panicum miliaceum)植硅体,但从发现数量看,粟类作物在屈家岭遗址先民农作物利用结构中只占据极小的比重.论文通过对水稻扇型植硅体形态参数测量和鱼鳞状纹饰统计发现,屈家岭遗址的水稻遗存主要属于粳稻类型,且驯化程度在油子岭文化早期时期就已经达到现代栽培稻水平.本文研究揭示了屈家岭遗址先民的农业结构、水稻类型及驯化水平,为了解江汉平原汉水东部地区新石器时代晚期人类生业形式与水稻驯化水平等提供了重要科学依据. 相似文献
5.
Assessing modern arboreal phytolith sensitivity to vegetation variations in temperate forest regions
Gui‐Zai Gao Dong‐Mei Jie De‐Hui Li Nan‐Nan Li Li‐Dan Liu Hong‐Yan Liu Cheng‐Cheng Leng Jiang‐Yong Wang Bao‐Jian Liu Ping Li 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2019,48(3):731-745
To assess the reliability of arboreal phytoliths for differentiating vegetation types in temperate forest regions, we systematically analysed arboreal leaf phytoliths from 72 arboreal plants and 49 modern soils from three forest types in northeast China. The arboreal leaf phytolith production and morphotypes were highly variable between species. The arboreal leaf phytolith assemblages could clearly distinguish between broadleaf and coniferous species, but they were much less successful in differentiating broadleaved trees into subtaxa. Coniferous leaf morphotypes were successfully used to differentiate coniferous trees into families and subtaxa, especially in the Pinaceae. Two diagnostic broadleaved and six coniferous phytolith morphotypes were recognized within the modern soil beneath forest ecosystems. These arboreal phytoliths comprised up to 10–15% of the total soil phytoliths, and were dominated by coniferous types. Arboreal phytolith concentrations and phytolith assemblages in the soils fluctuated substantially amongst the three forest types. Soil arboreal phytolith assemblages were successfully used to differentiate samples from Larix mixed forest, broadleaf forest and Pinus koraiensis mixed forest. In addition, the arboreal index quantitatively distinguished the three forest types, with B/BE values <0.4 for Larix mixed forest samples, values from 0.4 to 0.6 for broadleaf forest samples, and values from 0.6 to 0.9 for P. koraiensis mixed forest. Thus, our surface soil arboreal phytolith assemblages and arboreal index are a useful reference for differentiating forest ecotypes, and they also provide reliable analogues for arboreal phytoliths from palaeoecological contexts in temperate forest regions. 相似文献
6.
贺兰山中段西侧沙漠戈壁沉积发育,生态环境脆弱,对探讨末次冰期以来气候变化与沉积响应具有重要意义.选择了腾格里沙漠东缘晚更新世晚期以来的洪积物剖面进行了初步古环境研究.在数字填图系统和野外路线调查基础上,对贺兰山中段西侧、腾格里沙漠东缘地貌第四纪沉积物进行了较详细的调查研究.在AMS14C测年基础上,从内蒙古阿拉善高原腰坝地区Qp3-Qhpl洪积剖面沉积物中获得较丰富的植硅体化石,主要类型有方型、长方型、扇型、哑铃型、齿型、帽型、尖型、平滑棒型、刺边棒型、突起棒型、三棱柱型等.此外,沉积物中赋存的大量炭屑和燃烧植硅体反映了古人类活动的历史.运用植硅体组合和温暖指数分析重建了研究区26 ka来的古植被、古气候演化,气候变化自早至晚经历了明显的干凉－暖干－暖湿－冷湿－干冷－暖干－暖湿7个阶段.洪积扇扇缘沉积环境变化反映了气候的干湿变化,且气候干湿变化与区域沙漠化和人类活动具有相关性. 相似文献
7.
Qingfeng Ma Liping Zhu Xinmiao Lu Yong Wang Yun Guo Junbo Wang Jianting Ju Ping Peng Lingyu Tang 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2017,46(2):242-253
The relationships amongst modern pollen assemblages, vegetation, climate and human activity are the basis for reconstructing palaeoenvironmental changes using pollen records. It is important to determine these relationships at regional scales due to the development of vegetation under different climatic conditions and human activities. In this paper, we report on an analysis of modern pollen assemblages of 31 surface lake samples from 31 lakes (one sample per lake) on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau where the knowledge of modern pollen and their relationships with vegetation, climate and human activities is insufficient. The region includes five vegetation zones: sub‐alpine shrub steppe, alpine steppe, alpine meadow and steppe ecotone, mountain desert and alpine desert. The lakes span a wide range of mean annual precipitation (50–500 mm) and mean annual temperature (?8 to 6 °C). Modern pollen assemblages from our samples mainly consist of herb taxa (Artemisia, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, etc.) and some tree taxa (Pinus, Fagaceae, Alnus, etc.). The results indicate that modern pollen assemblages are able to reflect the main vegetation distribution. Redundancy analysis for the main pollen types and environmental variables shows that precipitation is the leading factor that influences the pollen distribution in the study area with the first axis capturing 13.7% of the variance in the pollen data set. The Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae ratio is valid for separating the desert component (<2) from the steppe and other vegetation zones (>2) but is unable to distinguish moisture variations. The Artemisia/Cyperaceae ratio is able to identify meadows (<1) and steppes (>1) and can be used as a moisture index on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that an appropriate range is needed for a modern pollen data set in order to perform pollen‐based quantitative climate reconstructions in one region. It is essential to perform modern studies before using pollen ratios to reconstruct palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate at a regional scale. 相似文献
8.
前人研究认为,在长江下游地区绰墩农业遗址的全新世地层中存在2个古水稻土层,但到目前为止尚缺乏土壤化学和物理学方面的证据。为了寻找土壤学证据,在江苏省昆山市绰墩遗址P-01垂直剖面中连续采集了12个样品,分别测定了全氮(TN)含量、总有机碳 (TOC) 含量、粒度组成、质量磁化率以及粘土矿物组成。结果显示,从剖面底部(200cm)到100cm处和从57cm处到现代土壤表层,TOC,TN,TOC/TN比值、高岭石含量以及高岭石/伊利石(K/I)比值两次出现逐渐升高的趋势,而且它们的曲线形态基本一致。这些特点有可能说明P-01剖面中包含着两次成壤过程:第1次形成了古土壤层(160~100cm),第2次形成了现代水稻土(57cm~现代土壤表层)。但TOC和TN以及水稻植硅石资料不支持在深度57~42cm段存在古土壤的观点。从200cm到130cm处,磁化率和粘粒含量有逐渐降低的趋势,说明此处具有长期淹水的特征。现代水稻土的研究表明,水稻田排水过程中可能使部分粘粒被带走流失。因此,粘粒含量从200cm到130cm处逐渐降低的趋势可能与中全新世的人工排水有关。研究资料与考古学、孢粉学和植硅体资料共同说明,该古土壤层(160~100cm)很可能是古水稻土。古水稻土的确认将为农业考古和古环境变化研究提供有利的条件。 相似文献
9.
湿地在全球环境变化中扮演着十分重要的角色,湿地表土中的植硅体分析是恢复第四纪古环境的重要途径。文中选取长白山区的桦南到哈尼一线的6处湿地表土,并采用PCA和CA分析植硅体组合的环境指示意义,结果显示：温度因子是造成长白山不同湿地表土植硅体组合差异的第1环境因子,且植硅体的种类和含量与采样点上覆植被、湿度与海拔等环境条件都存在相关性。结合方差分析和植硅体大小变化趋势分析曲线可以看出,不同表土中符合方差分析条件的植硅体类型的大小随着温度的升高而增大。总体来看,长白山区6处湿地中,植硅体类型基本相同,但温暖指数和植硅体的大小差异较显著,说明植硅体大小及其组合对温度都有较敏感的响应。 相似文献
10.
Claire Delhon Anne AlexandreJacques-L.éopold Brochier Jean-Dominique Meunier 《Quaternary Research》2003,59(1):48-60
The reliability of phytolith assemblage analysis for characterizing Mediterranean vegetation is investigated in this study. Phytolith assemblages are extracted from modern and buried Holocene soils from the middle Rhône valley (France). The relation between modern phytolith assemblages and the surrounding vegetation, as well as between fossil assemblages and contemporaneous vegetation, already reconstructed through other proxies, is discussed. We demonstrate that the main northwestern Mediterranean biomes are well distinguished by soil phytolith assemblage analysis. In particular, the density of pine and nonconiferous trees (densities expressed relatively to the grass cover) and the overall degree of opening of the vegetation appear well recorded by three phytolith indexes. North Mediterranean vegetation changes during the Holocene period, mainly tree line shifts, pine wood development and deforestation are poorly documented, due to the scarcity of proxy-preserving sites. Phytolith assemblage analysis of soils, buried soils, and sediments appears to be a promising technique to fill this gap. 相似文献
11.
东北地区泥炭表层沉积中植硅体分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
表土沉积物中的植硅体分析是了解第四纪沉积物中植硅体组成的重要途径,也是重建第四纪古环境的基础。对东北地区跨越3个气候带、6个地区的41处泥炭地表土中的植硅体进行提取,鉴定出东北泥炭表土中主要发育哑铃型、扇型、鞍型、方型、长方型、梯型、尖型、帽型、齿型、棒型和其它等11种植硅体类型。分析显示,它们的分布与纬度、地形和温热条件具有明显关系,即哑铃型、鞍型、扇型、方型、长方型和梯型植硅体随纬度和海拔较高而含量较小,其余类型反之;较高温度条件对应扇型、哑铃型植硅体含量较高,较高湿度对应扇型植硅体含量较高。 相似文献
12.
通过中国东部苏北平原厚3.4 m的PM4剖面孢粉分析结果,重建了该地区全新世以来古植被更替过程,查明了5.20~3.00 cal.ka B.P.中国东部沿海平原百年尺度的海平面变化历史,并探讨了沿海平原植被对海平面变化的响应。孢粉结果表明,全新世以来该地区的植被与气候经历了以下5个阶段:1)11.90~8.80 cal.ka B.P.,亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶混交林繁盛,气候温暖湿润;2)8.80~7.40 cal.ka B.P.,发育了常绿、落叶阔叶混交林-草地,气候相对冷干;3)7.40~5.20 cal.ka B.P.,植被为常绿、落叶阔叶混交林,温度降低,降水增加;4)5.20~1.08 cal.ka B.P.,植被退化为盐生草甸;5)1.08 cal.ka B.P.以来植被中湿生草本群落繁盛。根据藜科、蒿属、禾本科和莎草科花粉的含量变化及粒度、有孔虫特征重建了相对海平面的变化历史,5.20~4.55 cal.ka B.P.、4.25~4.05 cal.ka B.P.与4.55~4.25 cal.ka B.P.、4.05~3.00 cal.ka B.P.分别为海平面上升和下降的阶段。研究区4.25~4.05 cal.ka B.P.海平面上升可与大范围尺度的"4.2 ka B.P.气候事件"相对应,可能受到了当时东亚季风减弱、苏北平原强降水与大规模洪水事件的共同驱动。 相似文献
13.
Phytolith has been widely used as a tool to reconstruct the paleoenvironment, and the investigation of modern phytolith is very crucial to the accurate interpretation of phytolith data in ancient sediments. Studies of modern process of phytolith primarily include the morphological analysis of phytolith in modern plants, and the relationships between the formation and growth of phytolith and environmental factors, as well as the transportation and taphonomy of phytolith in modern soils and sediments. The formation of phytolith in plants is controlled not only by genes but also by environmental factors, such as humidity, precipitation, temperature, CO2 concentration, soil pH, and nutrient status, etc. The morphology, assemblages, 13C and 18O of phytolith in plants can respond sensitively to environmental variables. The phytolith assemblages can be affected by its taphonomy and transportation that may be different due to phytolith types and soils/sediments texture. It is necessary to investigate the phytolith morphology and types in modern plants, the relationship between its formation and environmental factors, and the impact of transportation and taphonomy on phytolith assemblages under different environmental conditions in order to promote the application of phytolith analysis to paeloenvironment reconstruction. 相似文献
14.
Lisa‐Marie Shillito 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(6):576-588
Simultaneous thin section and phytolith observations of finely stratified anthropogenic deposits from the Neolithic settlement of Çatalhöyük, Turkey, dated between 7400 and 6000 BC provide evidence for both the depositional context and phytolith assemblage of these deposits. Although extracted phytoliths provide a general picture of vegetation that supports existing evidence of a local wet marshland environment, comparisons with observations of phytoliths in situ indicate a diverse range of microcontexts, as well as depositional and post‐depositional processes that influence phytolith size. This has implications for studies that use conjoined phytolith size as a proxy for water availability and early agricultural practices. Observations indicate a significant background noise of phytoliths and micro‐charcoal in the deposits, linked to the frequent use of fire, which has implications for interpreting assemblages where phytolith counts are low, such as from floors of buildings. This study confirms the usefulness of phytoliths in providing information on human plant use and environment where the taphonomy of the deposits is clear, and provides new evidence for wet farming of at least some of the wheat found at the site. It also suggests there needs to be greater consideration of phytolith taphonomy, which can be provided to an extent by combining phytolith analysis with thin section micromorphology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
Shreerup Goswami Kamal Jeet Singh Shaila Chandra 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2006,28(4-6):218-233
Gondwana basins of Orissa State constitute a major part of the Mahanadi Master Basin. These Gondwana sediments, ranging from Asselian to Albian in age, contain remnants of three basic floral assemblages i.e. Glossopteris Assemblage, Dicroidium Assemblage and Ptilophyllum Assemblage which can be recognized through the Permian, Triassic and Early Cretaceous, respectively. The megafloral assemblages of different basins of this state are discussed briefly. This report mainly deals with the plant species diversification in different lithological formations and the development of flora in the Gondwana basins of Orissa. A number of successive megafloras are recognized. Among those, leaves are the dominant part of the preserved flora, followed by fruits and roots. No wood parts are preserved in the major basins. These pre-angiospermic floras have been systematically analyzed to depict the evolutionary trends, and palaeofloristics of these basins. The distribution of plant fossils in different formations of these basins depicts provincialism in Gondwana flora within the Orissa. 相似文献
16.
The Quadrilátero Ferrífero is an important mineral province in Southeastern Brazil and has one of the largest iron ore reserves in the world. Previous work in this region has indicated that the formation of fluvial successions with duricrusts coincided with drier/cooler climatic phases alternating with moister/warmer periods during which the formation of fluvial successions without duricrusts occurred. For the construction of this proposal, ages of fluvial sediments obtained through Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) were associated with data from the literature on paleobioclimatic scenarios. Therefore, using these observations as a starting point, this paper aims to investigate evidence of bioclimatic oscillations obtained directly from the fluvial successions and discuss its influence on the geomorphogenis of local river valleys. For this purpose, phytolith, carbon isotope and granulometric analyses were carried out, as well as dating of sediments using OSL and of soil organic matter through radiocarbon. The results show that in the oldest depositional succession (DS1 — about 34ka) the predominant phytoliths are those of bulliform polyedric, elongate, acicular and globular granulate types and δ13C values are typical of C3 plants. On the other hand, despite having a similar phytolith assemblage (abundance of bulliform polyedric, elongate, bulliform cuneiform, acicular, globular psilate and bilobate flat/concave types), the fluvial successions associated with significant conglomeratic duricrusts (DS2 and DS3) present a dominance of δ13C values characteristic of C4 plants. The Bi index indicates water stress in all the successions, and the Ic index suggests decreasing temperatures with depth in DS3. Thus, the three fluvial successions indicate a savanna-like environment, but depositional successions DS2 (∼27ka) and DS3 show drier/cooler climatic conditions when compared to DS1 and to the present-day regime. Both scenarios evolved under conditions of the Last Glacial period, but DS2 and DS3 were formed closer to the Last Glacial Maximum, and therefore under the strong influence of the lower temperatures during this period. These drier/cooler conditions in steep valleys with unprotected hillslopes may have been decisive for the formation of relatively thicker layers of gravel and sand, which later became duricrusts. The results indicate that climate has also played an important role in the regional hydrosedimentological dynamics, given the variations in vegetation influencing the abandonment of fill terraces and formation of nested floodplains. 相似文献
17.
对敦化北部山地205 cm深泥炭剖面中的植硅体进行提取、鉴定和分析,结合AMS14C测年,重建研究区近2 ka的古气候环境过程,探讨其变化规律及影响因素。植硅体组合、有序聚类和植硅体指数变化趋势显示,研究区泥炭沼泽经历了4个显著阶段：即45-680 A.D.暖湿阶段;680-1340 A.D.温暖偏干阶段;1340-1870 A.D.由干转湿的寒冷阶段;1870-2017 A.D.转暖、干湿波动阶段。其中,680-1225 A.D.对应中世纪暖期（MWP）,1340-1870 A.D.对应小冰期（LIA）。在此气候变化背景下,泥炭沼泽发展经历了由缓慢逐渐加快的过程。对比太阳辐射和太阳活动的变化、石笋δ18O序列、重建的东北地区古温度以及Niño3.4重建曲线,泥炭剖面的植硅体分析显示MWP和LIA期间的古气候过程受到太阳活动、太阳辐射、季风环流和ENSO（El Niño-Southern Oscillation）的控制。 相似文献
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The comparative analysis of palynomorphs and plant megafossils (fruits, seeds, twigs, leaves) in the Upper Pleistocene host sediments and materials filling in fossil burrows of gophers, their coprolites included, at the Duvannyi Yar, Stanchikovskii Yar and Zelenyi Mys sites of the Kolyma Lowland is carried out. Genera Salix, Lychnis, Silene, Draba, Potentilla, Larix, and families Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Cyperaceae, Compositae, and Leguminosae are determined among palynological remains and megafossils. Factors responsible for qualitative and quantitative differences in taxonomic compositions of palynological and megafossil assemblages are biological peculiarities of plants, different character of fossilization of palynomorphs and large plant remains, geographic conditions, different genesis of assemblages (allochthonous for microfossils and autochthonous for megafossils), and inadequately known morphology of certain spore and pollen taxa. The comprehensive paleobotanical analysis leads to the conclusion that the study region was occupied in the Late Pleistocene by plant communities of humid to somewhat dryer tundra with separate areas of pioneering and steppe vegetation. 相似文献
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植硅体的现代过程研究是恢复古环境的基础,探讨表土植硅体分布及组合特征对环境因子的响应尤为重要。沿中国东北地区年均温为4 ℃等温线采集70块表土样品,研究了单一温度因素控制下表土植硅体的空间分布规律,以期获得不同类型植硅体对降水的响应。研究结果表明:所有表土样品中植硅体丰富且数量较多,主要有棒型、尖型、块状、扇型、扁平状、短鞍型、帽型、哑铃型、齿型、三棱柱型、导管型、硅质突起、硅化气孔、弓型和多面表皮植硅体;且主要以短细胞、棒型、尖型为主,其平均百分含量之和高达80.77%,块状、扁平状、扇型次之,其他类型的植硅体含量较少。方差分析结果表明:棒型、三棱柱型、硅质突起、哑铃型和扁平状在大兴安岭、松嫩平原和长白山之间存在显著性差异,且棒型、三棱柱型、硅质突起的百分含量与年降水量具有极显著的正相关性,哑铃型的百分含量与年降水量具有极显著的负相关性。总之,年均温为4 ℃等温线上70块表土样品中植硅体类型基本相同,但不同类型植硅体的百分含量存在差异,说明本研究区域内表土植硅体组合特征对降水的响应较为敏感。 相似文献