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1.
基于统计模型识别气候变化对农业产量贡献的研究进展   总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4  
史文娇  陶福禄  张朝 《地理学报》2012,67(9):1213-1222
从统计模型与作物机理模型的区别与联系出发, 介绍了识别气候变化对农业产量贡献的3 种主要统计模型, 即时间序列模型、截面模型和面板模型;综述了前人在站点和区域(全球、国家、省级、地区、县级) 尺度对这一问题的研究进展;总结了应用统计模型识别农业产量对气候变化响应敏感性的4 个主要问题, 包括时空尺度问题、产量的非气候趋势去除问题、气候要素间的自相关问题和忽略适应措施的问题;最后针对以上主要问题, 提出了改进建议及今后研究的发展趋势。  相似文献   

2.
为探明气候变化对商丘地区冬小麦产量的影响,根据1991~2010商丘市气候资料和小麦产量资料,利用数学统计与Thornthwaite Memoriae模型,结合未来气候预测结果定量分析了气候变化对冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦产量整体上呈波动上升趋势;主成分分析表明,气温、降水量、蒸发量与极端温度为影响冬小麦产量的主要气候因子,蒸发量过大及极端低温对冬小麦生产不利。商丘地区"暖湿型"气候有利于冬小麦生产力的提高,"冷干型"气候对冬小麦生产最为不利;未来几十年内气候可能将向"暖湿型"变化,对商丘地区粮食作物产量的提升较为有利。  相似文献   

3.
Climate change is a global environmental crisis, but there have been few studies of the effects of climate change on cereal yields on the Tibetan Plateau. We used data from meteorological stations and statistical yearbooks to assess the impacts of climate change on cereal yields in Tibet. Three types of statistical models were selected: fixed-effects model, first-difference models, and linear detrending models. We analyzed the impacts of climate change(including the minimum temperature, precipitation, growing degree days and solar radiation) on cereal yields in Tibet from 1993 to 2017 at the county, prefecture-level city, and autonomous region scales. The results showed that the sensitivity of cereal yields in Tibet to temperature(minimum temperature and growing degree days) was greater than their sensitivity to precipitation and solar radiation. The joint impacts of climate variables were positive, but the sensitivity and significance varied in different regions. The impacts of minimum temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation were positive in all cities, apart from the negative impacts of growing degree days on cereal yields in Lhasa. The impacts of climate trends on cereal yields in Tibet were positive and the results were in the range of 1.5%–4.8%. Among the three types of model, the fixed-effects model was the most robust and the linear detrending model performed better than the first-difference model. The robustness of the first-difference model decreased after adding the interaction terms between different climate variables. Our findings will help in implementing more spatially targeted agricultural adaptations to cope with the impacts of climate change on the agro-ecosystem of the Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

4.
Geographical information systems support the application of statistical techniques to map spatially referenced crop data. To do this in the optimal way, errors and uncertainties have to be minimized that are often associated with operations on the data. This paper applies a spatial statistical approach to upscale crop yields from the field level toward the scale of Burkina Faso. Observed yields were related to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index derived from SPOT-VEGETATION. The objective was to quantify the uncertainties at the subsequent steps. First, we applied a point pattern analysis to examine uncertainties due to the sampling network of field surveys in the country. Second, geographically weighted regression kriging (GWRK) was applied to upscale the yield observations and to quantify the corresponding uncertainty. The proposed method was demonstrated with the mapping of sorghum yields in Burkina Faso and results were compared with those from regression kriging (RK) and kriging with external drift using a local kriging neighborhood (KEDLN). The proposed method was validated with independent yield observations obtained from field surveys. We observed that the lower uncertainty range value increased by 39%, and the upper uncertainty range value decreased by 51%, when comparing GWRK with RK and KEDLN. Moreover, GWRK reduced the prediction error variance as compared to RK (20 vs. 31) and to KEDLN (20 vs. 39). We found that climate and topography had a major impact on the country’s sorghum yields. Further, the financial ability of farmers influenced the crop management and, thus, the sorghum crop yields. We concluded that GWRK effectively utilized information present in the covariate datasets and improved the accuracies of both the regional-scale mapping of sorghum yields and was able to quantify the associated uncertainty.  相似文献   

5.
丁锐  史文娇 《地理学报》2021,76(9):2174-2186
气候变化对农业的影响是全球关注的热点问题之一,青藏高原对气候变化尤其敏感,但气候变化对青藏高原农业产量的定量影响缺乏系统研究。为定量评估气候变化对西藏谷物单产的影响,本文使用气象数据与年鉴统计数据,选取了固定效应模型、差分模型和线性去趋势模型3类统计模型,分析了1993—2017年间气候变化(最低气温、降水量、生长度日和太阳辐射)对西藏县(区)级、市级和自治区3个尺度的谷物单产的影响。结果表明:西藏整体对于温度(最低气温和生长度日)的敏感性大于降水量和太阳辐射。各项气候因子对西藏谷物单产的整体影响为正影响,但不同区域对气候因子的敏感程度和显著性不同。除了生长度日对于拉萨为负影响以外,最低气温、降水量和太阳辐射对于所有市均为正影响。气候趋势对于西藏整体谷物单产的影响为正影响,不同模型计算结果集中在1.5%~4.8%区间内。3类模型中固定效应模型稳定性最好,线性去趋势模型好于差分模型,差分模型在引入气候因子间的交互项后模型稳定性降低。本文有助于西藏实施更加有空间针对性的农业适应气候变化措施,以应对气候造成的青藏高原农业生态系统变化。  相似文献   

6.
水稻发育期模型研究进展   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5  
张帅  陶福禄 《地理科学进展》2012,31(11):1485-1491
物候是气候变化的重要指示物.随着全球变化研究的开展,已经有越来越多的研究表明,随着气象条件的变化,植物的物候期发生了明显的变化,因此,对物候的精准模拟可以帮助我们准确理解作物对全球变化的响应机制,强大的物候模型已经逐渐成为提高植物对气候变化响应的模拟精度的一个关键工具.同时作物物候的模拟也是作物模型的一个重要组成部分.水稻是最重要的粮食作物之一,水稻发育期模型研究对水稻生长模型有着重要的意义.本文对国内外水稻发育模型的发展进行了综述,并提出了目前水稻发育期模型研究中存在的问题以及发展的方向,以期后续的水稻发育期模型乃至作物模型的研究提供借鉴.  相似文献   

7.
栗瑶  王红丽  刘健  王苏民 《干旱区地理》2013,36(6):1023-1031
运用BP人工神经网络较好地建立了全球气候模式模拟数据与区域气候之间的关系,拟合了黄河上游沙漠河谷地区的近千年温度、降水序列。在气候信号年代际和百年际变化特征上,拟合结果较为理想,但对极值的拟合能力较差,尤其是冬季温度和夏季降水的拟合极值偏差较大。拟合结果表明该地区近千年存在中世纪暖期、小冰期和现代暖期,且小冰期降温在冬季更为明显,冬季平均气温小冰期比中世纪暖期低2 ℃。降水的千年变化趋势较温度略微平缓,尤其冬季降水无明显趋势变化。空间分布显示20世纪暖期在近千年是最暖的,但降水较中世纪暖期偏少。  相似文献   

8.
SDSM统计降尺度模型是解决空间尺度不匹配问题的有效工具,它使气候变化响应研究得以在区域尺度上展开。本文将SDSM模型应用于博斯腾湖流域分析它的适用性,并对流域未来最高和最低气温的变化趋势进行了预测。以日最高气温和最低气温为预报量,选取合适的NCEP大气环流因子为预报因子,建立预报量与预报因子间的回归关系。使用1961-1990、1991-2001年的实测数据和NCEP大气变量分别对SDSM模型进行率定和验证,效果较好。把HadCM3输出的A2、B2情景下的大气环流变量作为模型输入变量,模拟流域未来3个时期(21世纪20、50和90年代)的气温变化。结果显示,流域未来日最高气温和日最低气温都呈现明显上升趋势,升高幅度依次为:日最高气温日平均气温日最低气温,且A2情景下气温增幅略大于B2情景下的增幅;冬季气温增幅最小,夏季增幅最大。分析结果可为博斯腾湖流域开展气候变化的水文响应研究以及气候变化的适应性研究提供科学依据。  相似文献   

9.
干旱对作物产量影响研究进展与展望   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
刘宪锋  傅伯杰 《地理学报》2021,76(11):2632-2646
粮食安全关乎人类生存和社会发展,是总体国家安全观的重要组成部分。本文首先梳理了作物产量影响因素及干旱对作物产量的影响过程,进而从基于田间控制实验、统计模型、作物生长机理模型以及遥感反演模型等4个方面系统回顾了干旱对全球主要作物产量影响评估的最新进展,揭示出当前研究呈现出由单灾种向多灾种、由单目标向多目标、由统计模型向综合模型转变的特征。文献计量分析表明,1990—2020年干旱对作物产量影响研究发文量呈指数增长,且研究主题经历了由传统的作物水分胁迫到作物受旱影响与适应综合研究的转变过程,体现出研究视角的不断深化和综合。在学科分布上,农学、植物学和环境科学是研究干旱对作物产量影响的主要学科,建议应加强地理学多要素多尺度的系统性思维在粮食和水资源耦合系统研究中的应用。最后,在分析现有问题和挑战的基础上,将未来应关注的重要议题归纳为以下4个方面,即构建干旱对作物产量影响的多源信息数据库、阐明干旱对作物产量影响的关键过程及机理、发展耦合宏观与微观过程作物生长机理模型和搭建作物产量与粮食安全综合监测平台系统,旨在通过提高干旱对作物产量影响的监测预警和科学管控,实现农业可持续发展和全球粮食安全。  相似文献   

10.
ABSTRACT

Modelling changes in biodiversity have become a necessary component of smart urban planning practices. However, concepts such as biodiversity are often evaluated using area-based composite indices, the results of which are heavily reliant on specific parameters chosen. This paper explores the design and implementation of a butterfly biodiversity index by comparing two widely accepted modelling techniques: principal component analysis and spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). A high degree of scale dependency has been demonstrated in previous studies exploring the use of area-based composite measures. To evaluate the impact of scale, each model was assessed at two different spatial resolutions. The outcomes were analyzed, mapped and compared using ordinary least squares, geographically weighted regression and global Moran’s I to evaluate relative biodiversity patterns across the City of Toronto, Canada. Findings indicate that the impact of spatial scale was significant, whereby the coarser resolution models were found to be more highly correlated with biodiversity, compared to the finer resolution models. The results of this study contribute to a growing body of literature that explores key conceptual questions regarding the robustness of GIS-based MCDA, the impact of scale in urban ecology studies, and the use of composite indices to manage spatial ecological data.  相似文献   

11.
净初级生产力(NPP)是衡量碳循环、指导土地利用、评估生态安全、指示环境变化、反映粮食安全等的重要参量,其估算受模型构建机理和生态系统关键地表参数输入的影响。近年来,随着遥感数据的不断丰富和遥感处理技术的快速发展,集成遥感数据的NPP估算模型相较于仅采用气候、土壤等传统观测数据的非遥感模型,在分析时空异质性等方面的优势日益凸显。本文基于Web of Science和CNKI两大数据库,采用文献统计分析方法,系统回顾NPP研究概况及国内外集成遥感数据的NPP估算模型的近期进展;并将集成遥感数据进行NPP估算的模型分为统计模型、光能利用率模型、过程模型及耦合模型四类;重点阐述了各类遥感估算模型的机理、差异性、适宜性及局限性;最后,在分析NPP遥感估算面临困境和科学挑战的基础上,从机理与影响因素、数据基础、参数反演、时空尺度拓展、软硬件支撑等方面对未来研究进行了展望。  相似文献   

12.
The EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) crop model, developed by scientists of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), has been successfully applied to the study of erosion, water pollution, crop growth and production in the US but is yet to be introduced for serious research purposes in other countries or regions. This paper reports on the applicability of the EPIC 8120 crop model for the assessment of the potential impacts of climate variability and climate change on crop productivity in sub‐Saharan West Africa, using Nigeria as the case study. Among the crops whose productivity has been successfully simulated with this model are five of West Africa's staple food crops: maize, millet, sorghum (guinea corn), rice and cassava. Thus, using the model, the sensitivities of maize, sorghum and millet to seasonal rainfall were demonstrated with coefficients of correlation significant at over 98 per cent confidence limits. The validation tests were based on a comparison of the observed and the model‐generated yields of rice and maize. The main problems of validation relate to the multiplicity of crop varieties with contrasting performances under similar field conditions. There are also the difficulties in representing micro‐environments in the model. Thus, some gaps appear between the observed and the simulated yields, arising from data or model deficiencies, or both. Based on the results of the sensitivity and validation tests, the EPIC crop model could be satisfactorily employed in assessing the impacts of and adaptations to climate variability and climate change. Its use for the estimation of production and the assessment of vulnerabilities need to be pursued with further field surveys and field experimentation.  相似文献   

13.
One of the challenges in using general circulation model (GCM) output is the need to downscale beyond the model’s coarse spatial grid for use in hydrologic modeling of climate-change impacts. In mountainous terrain, using elevation as a primary control on temperature and precipitation at the local scale provides the potential for topographic variables to be used to adjust climate-model output. Here, local topographic lapse rates (LTLR) were estimated from gridded climate data for the Pacific Northwest of the United States and used to downscale GCM output. Skill scores were calculated for the LTLR-downscaled climate-model output relative to an existing set of model output downscaled using the established statistical downscaling technique of localized constructed analogs (LOCA). The results indicate that the LTLR method performs well in the mountainous study region relative to the LOCA method. LTLR downscaling offers a promising method for downscaling climate-model output in regions in which elevation strongly controls climate, particularly for studying impacts of future climate change on water resources.  相似文献   

14.
地形具有高度的空间异质性,同一区域不同地形对该区的气候变化有着显著的影响,分析研究地形异质性对气候的影响具有十分重要的意义。基于天山山区DEM栅格图像资料和61个气象站点1961-2014年的气温和降水资料,运用空间分析、反距离权重插值法、偏最小二乘法和统计分析等方法,对该区域的地形异质性及其对气候的影响进行了相关研究。结果表明:(1)天山山区整体坡度大,其中中部与西南部的地形异质性指标值较高,其它地区的地形异质性值偏低。(2)从气候的空间分布来看,天山中部的气温较低,降水量丰富,其他区域的气温较高,降水量较少。(3)在地形异质性对气候影响方面,坡度对研究区气候的影响贡献最大,而地表粗糙度对研究区气候的影响最弱。  相似文献   

15.
近20 a中亚净初级生产力与实际蒸散发特征分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
中亚碳、水循环在气候变异和人为活动的影响下呈现新的时空特征。但由于观测数据稀缺,生态过程特殊,植被、土壤空间异质性强,中亚植被净初级生产力(NPP)、实际蒸散发(AET)的时空特征相关信息相对不足,且时效性不高。利用全球尺度的NPP、AET、土地覆被数据,气象站点与区域气候数据分析近20 a中亚地区NPP和AET的时空特征。结果表明:与1990年相比,2000年中亚地区农田NPP增幅小于自然植被,植被总固碳量增加了254.65 Tg C;近20 a中亚地区实际总蒸散量先增后降,农田对中亚水资源散失的贡献减小,自然植被的贡献增大,自然植被与农田面积变化决定中亚总蒸散量动态;北部农田区、东部山区及山前绿洲为NPP和AET的高值区,中西部荒漠为低值区。  相似文献   

16.
菅艺伟  付瑾  周丰 《地理科学进展》2021,40(10):1746-1760
极端降水在全球范围内呈现广泛增强的趋势,对农业生态系统的影响不容忽视。水稻作为重要的粮食作物,其产量的年际波动受到极端降水的影响,然而其响应机理和时空敏感性尚未厘清。论文总结了极端降水在水稻主产区的时空格局及对产量的影响程度,梳理了极端降水对水稻产量的生理、化学和物理过程的影响机制,对比分析了多个主流方法(统计模型和作物过程模型)的输入数据和应用上的优缺点。结果表明,极端降水增加1%导致水稻减产0.02%~0.5%,主要通过增加养分流失和造成淹水胁迫等途径。然而当前研究仍难以明确水稻产量如何响应于极端降水的不同特征值(强度、频次、持续时间等)及其敏感性的时空差异,尚未完善极端降水对水稻各产量组成的影响机理,同时缺乏作物模型与统计模型等相结合的研究方法,造成水稻产量预测的不确定性。建议未来相关研究应加强田间观测、控制性实验与模型改进,定量解析极端降水对产量的影响机理,促进模型—数据融合,提高数据精度以更好地模拟极端降水事件下的水稻产量,为优化当前稻作系统和建立气候智能型农业奠定理论基础。  相似文献   

17.
对统计型人口数据进行格网形式的空间化可更直观地展示人口的空间分布,但不同的人口空间化建模方法和不同的格网尺度在表达人口空间化结果方面存在差异。本文在人口特征分区的基础上,引入DMSP/OLS夜间灯光对城镇用地进行再分类,采用多元统计回归和地理加权回归方法(GWR),开展人口统计数据空间化多尺度模型研究,生成1 km、5 km和10 km等3个尺度的2010年安徽省人口空间数据,并对3个尺度下2个模型结果进行精度评价与比较。结果表明:人口空间数据精度不仅与建模所用方法关系密切,还受到建模格网尺度大小的影响。基于多元统计回归方法的模型估计人口数与实际人口的平均相对误差值随着尺度的增加而降低,而基于GWR方法获得的人口空间数据误差值随着尺度的增加而升高。整体来看,基于GWR方法的1 km研究尺度的人口空间数据平均相对误差最低(22.31%)。区域地形地貌条件与人口空间数据误差有较强的关联,地貌类型复杂的山区人口空间数据误差较大。  相似文献   

18.
魏娜  贺晨昕  刘佩佩 《干旱区地理》2018,41(6):1178-1183
从短期气候预测的实际出发,针对月尺度的气温分县预测,使用逐步回归和主成分分析(即经验正交函数)的统计降尺度方法,利用地面观测站的气温资料、美国国家环境预报中心和美国大气科学研究中心的大尺度气候变量(NCEP/NCAR)和国家气候中心月动力延伸预报模式资料(DERF),对1982-2015年陕西省96个县区的1月和7月气温进行预测,建立统计降尺度模型,并采用交叉检验方法检验模型的预测效果,表明基于经验正交函数和逐步回归的统计降尺度方法在陕西省1月和7月气温的预测中是合理可用的。全省96个县区1月份预测值与观测值距平符号一致率大于60%达到了50个县区,7月份大于60%达到了60个县区。预测值可以较好的预测出气温变化趋势,但预测值变化幅度明显小于观测值。  相似文献   

19.
用传统统计学方法模拟和解释土地利用变化的前提条件是研究分析的数据在统计上必须独立且均匀分布。但是空间数据相互之间通常具有依赖性 (即空间自相关),某一变量的值随着测定距离的缩小而变得更相似或更为不同。由于经典线性回归方法未能抓住数据的空间自相关特征,而空间自相关包含一些有用的信息,为了克服这一缺点,利用Moran的I系数自相关图来描述研究区土地利用变化的空间自相关,并且建立了不仅考虑回归而且又考虑空间自相关的混合回归-空间自相关回归模型 (即空间滞后模型)。研究得到:① 研究区土地利用变化模型中不但自变量之间而且因变量之间存在空间正自相关,这表明土地利用变化数据的空间自相关很强;② Moran的I系数随着尺度的变粗而减小,这是由于数据平均时的滤波特性和Moran的I系数对距离的非线性特征造成的;③ 经典线性回归模型的残差也表现出正相关,这表明标准的多元线性回归模型未能考虑土地利用数据所存在的空间依赖性;④ 混合回归-空间自相关回归模型 (即空间滞后模型) 的残差未存在空间自相关,并且有更好的拟合度;⑤ 相对于经典线性回归模型,混合回归-空间自相关回归模型 (即空间滞后模型) 对于存在空间自相关性的数据来说有着统计上的合理性,而经典线性回归模型未能考虑这些因素。  相似文献   

20.
This study utilizes global climate models and crop growth models to estimate the potential agricultural effects of climate change caused by a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide for the southern Great Plains. Projected climate changes cause simulated wheat and corn yields to decrease in the study area. Decreases in modeled grain yields are caused primarily by temperature increases which shorten the duration of crop life cycle and curtail the harvestable biomass production. While physiological effects of carbon dioxide and changing cultivars offer some hope of climate change mitigation, detrimental consequences to regional crop production, including need for increased irrigation, are suggested.  相似文献   

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