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1.
砂岩类脆性无序介质连续破坏过程的细观模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了分析砂岩类无序介质在各种荷载作用下的连续破坏过程,本文提出了梁-颗粒细观模型。在此模型中,介质被离散为一系列的颗粒单元,这些颗粒单元均由弹脆性的梁单元联结。颗粒的力学行为由离散单元法和有限单元法确定。当某个梁单元所受应力超过其强度时,就随即将它从计算网络中剔除,以模拟介质的破坏行为。为了验证数值模型的可靠性,分别从破坏模式和荷载-位移曲线两方面与物理模型实验进行了对比,结果表明两者基本一致。此外,探讨了无序性对介质裂纹分布形式的影响,并用分维表述了裂纹分布与荷载强度之间的内在联系。 相似文献
2.
弹丸侵彻无钢筋混凝土的数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用二维梁-颗粒模型BPM2D（beam-particle model in two dimensions）模拟了刚性弹丸侵彻无钢筋混凝土的过程。离散元法（DEM）和有限元法（FEM）等数值计算方法各有其优势,同时也都存在不足之处：离散元法适于处理由连续介质向非连续介质转化的破坏问题,但对于连续体计算结果精度不高;有限元法适于预测材料破坏的区域,但难以直接用于计算脆性材料破坏过程,因此将两种方法结合可以形成一种较好的混合模型。梁-颗粒模型BPM2D是基于离散元法,结合有限元法开发的二维数值计算模型,采用3种类型梁单元形成混凝土数值试样,每种类型梁单元的力学性质均按韦伯（Weibull）分布随机赋值,以模拟混凝土细观结构的非均匀性,同时梁单元的强度随应变率不同而变化。利用此模型分析了弹丸侵彻下混凝土的破坏过程,并给出侵彻过程弹丸减速度-时间历程曲线。比较计算结果与试验数据表明梁-颗粒模型可有效应用于计算和模拟脆性材料动态破坏问题。 相似文献
3.
以有限差分法(FDM)为计算框架,利用Weibull分布描述细观单元弹性模量和单轴抗压强度的分布特征,采用弹塑性应变软化本构模型描述细观单元的力学响应,进而建立一种模拟非均匀岩石介质破裂的数值模型。采用该数值模型探讨了单轴压缩时细观均质度m及细观结构对数值试样宏观特性的影响。结果表明,（1）随着细观均质度提高,数值模型的非线性特征逐渐减弱,脆性逐渐增强;宏观峰值强度及弹性模量逐渐增大,峰值强度与lnm呈线性关系,而弹性模量与1/m为线性关系;数值试样表现出由塑性流动破坏至剪切破坏进而为张拉破坏的破坏模式;（2）当细观均质度一定时,细观结构或细观单元空间排列是决定岩石力学行为波动性的主要因素;应力–应变曲线峰前阶段对细观单元的空间排列不敏感,但峰值强度附近及峰后阶段对细观单元的空间排列比较敏感。 相似文献
4.
利用离散元方法对颗粒材料的细观力学特性研究, 目前确定数值计算模型的细观力学参数大多数通过反复调试获取, 效率低、可重复性差。本文采用开源的颗粒离散元程序LMGC开展了土体双轴压缩数值试验, 通过25组土体细观力学参数计算得到相应的宏观力学参数, 建立了BP人工神经网络反演系统。利用土体物理试验得到的土体宏观力学参数, 输入BP神经网络, 反演得到土体的细观力学参数。将所得细观力学特性参数输入所建立的土体数值计算模型, 得到土体破坏过程中的应力-应变关系曲线, 以及土体颗粒的力链图和旋转变形云图。所建立的土体数值试验模型能够较好地模拟土体变形破坏过程, 利用BP神经网络反演细观力学参数以及数值模型计算得到的土体宏观力学参数与物理试验吻合较好, 误差在10%左右, 土颗粒间力链云图以及旋转变形云图较好地揭示了土体变形破坏的机理。 相似文献
5.
高放废物深部地质处置目前受到世界各国的高度重视。花岗岩是我国高放废物地质处置工程的候选围岩,深入了解处置库花岗岩的强度及破坏特性对于处置系统的设计及性能评价具有十分重要的意义。作为矿物颗粒的集合体,花岗岩是一种由石英、长石和黑云母等矿物组成的非均质岩石,矿物粒径对其宏观力学特性影响明显。以我国高放地质处置库预选区阿拉善花岗岩为例,选取矿物粒径差异明显的似斑状花岗岩和中粒花岗岩两类岩石,采用单轴压缩试验与数值模拟相结合的方式研究了矿物粒径对岩石力学特性的影响。单轴压缩试验在MTS815岩石力学试验系统进行,数值模拟采用基于离散元的颗粒流程序PFC2D完成。数值模拟过程中,以试件表面图像为基础,采用数字图像处理技术获取岩石内部矿物组分的实际空间分布,从而建立了精确反映花岗岩内部矿物种类及其空间位置的数值模型。利用该模型对花岗岩的单轴压缩试验进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果对比,论证了模型的可靠性。试验及模拟结果表明,阿拉善花岗岩破坏形式为脆性张拉破坏,裂纹大多平行于轴压方向,数字图像数值分析方法可真实地反映材料细观结构。矿物粒径对材料力学特性的影响主要表现为:细粒、等粒结构的岩石强度高,粗粒、不等粒结构的岩石强度低。研究成果可为掌握矿物粒径对岩石强度及变形特性的影响提供依据。 相似文献
6.
大量的细观试验研究发现,岩石破坏主要是裂纹沿着岩石晶体颗粒边界的扩展造成的（沿晶断裂）,裂纹沿弯折晶界的扩展则构成了不同材料边界上翼裂纹的扩展。基于以上细观试验结果,建立奇异单元的有限元模型,通过对节点位移的数值外插法,得到了岩石材料沿晶断裂翼裂纹应力强度因子,并研究了晶粒几何特征和材料非均质性（Dundurs参数）对裂纹扩展的影响。研究表明：在均质情况下,晶粒的几何形状在接近正六边形的情况下最适合裂纹扩展。随着非均质性的增强,各主翼裂纹比和晶粒几何角度所对应的KI值都要较均质模型的结果更高,最大的KI 所对应的晶粒的内角角度也有所增加。综合所有计算结果可以看出,岩石中晶粒的非均质程度越高,越利于岩石破裂。 相似文献
7.
基于三维颗粒离散单元法,赋予颗粒相应的细观参数,并采用黏结发生在接触颗粒间有限范围内的模型来考虑冻土颗粒中冰的胶结作用,建立了冻结黏土三维离散元数值模型.在相同围压、不同温度和相同温度、不同围压下对冻结黏土的室内三轴试验进行数值模拟,对比了数值试验与室内测试的应力-应变曲线,两者吻合较好.数值模拟结果表明:围压增大会使得接触黏结逐渐失效,在剪切带中胶结冰的破坏区域将增大,而温度的降低则会产生相反结果,这些微观变化都将对冻结黏土的宏观力学变形产生较大影响,同时,细观参数对温度的依赖性也很明显.冻结黏土三轴试验微观变形离散元模拟思路及方法可为今后运用离散单元法研究冻土力学行为提供一定的参考. 相似文献
8.
《岩土力学》2015,(9):2532-2540
基于大津法(Otsu)多阈值分割方法,利用数字图像处理技术获取了花岗岩细观结构的表征图像,并结合颗粒流程序,重构了反映岩石非均质结构特征的细观模型。通过单轴压缩试验,分析了花岗岩的失稳破坏过程,并研究了细观结构强度对宏观强度及破坏形态的影响。研究发现:花岗岩试件失稳破坏过程中存在4种裂纹形式,加载初期首先产生界面裂纹,其次是云母裂纹,长石和石英在应力接近极限强度时才破坏;当增大胶结界面或矿物强度时,花岗岩的抗压强度随之增加,但增加梯度逐渐减小;胶结界面或3种矿物细观强度的增大会使该结构处裂纹数量减小,而增加其他结构处的裂纹分布;相对于中等强度的长石和高强度的石英,低强度的胶结界面和云母矿物对花岗岩宏观强度和破坏形态的影响较大,是关键细观结构。将Otsu图像处理技术与颗粒流程序相结合,建立反映岩石真实结构的细观模型,为研究岩石非均质性对宏观力学特性的影响提供了一种有效手段。 相似文献
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10.
物理细胞自动机与岩石弹-脆-塑性性质的细观机制研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于能量守恒定律和岩石的基本力学性质,进一步发展了由作者提出的一种用于模拟岩石非线性破坏演化的新方法-物理细胞自动机（PCA）模型。该模型通过岩石内部（或细观）基元（或细胞）间简单的随机相互作用的综合结果来反映岩石系统整体的稳定宏观力学现象。利用PCA模型,研究了形成不同岩石本构关系的本质影响因素,揭示了岩石弹-脆-塑性性质的细观机制,为进一步认知岩石等非均质材料的力学性质提供了一种新的理论方法。同时,其研究思路和结论也可为微观和细观力学的数值模拟方法及新型复合材料的设计提供重要的借鉴。 相似文献
11.
Strain gradient implies an important characteristic in localized damage deformation, which can be observed in the softening state of brittle materials, and strain gradients constitute the basic behaviours of localization failure area of the materials. The most important point in strain gradient is its damaging function including an internal length scale, which can be used to express the scale effects of mechanical responses of brittle rock mass. By extending the strain gradient theory and introducing an intrinsic material length scale into the constitutive law, the authors develop an isotropic damage model as well as a micro‐crack‐based anisotropic damage model for rock‐like materials in this paper. The proposed models were used to simulate the damage localization under uniaxial tension and plain strain compression, respectively. The simulated results well illustrated the potential of these models in dealing with the well‐known mesh‐sensitivity problem in FEM. In the computation, elements with C1 continuity have been implemented to incorporate the proposed models for failure localization. When regular rectangle elements are encountered, the coupling between finite difference method (FDM) and conventional finite element method (FEM) is used to avoid large modification to the existing FEM code, and to obtain relatively higher efficiency and reasonably good accuracy. Application of the anisotropic model to the 3D‐non‐linear FEM analysis of Ertan arch dam has been conducted and the results of its numerical simulation coincide well with those from the failure behaviours obtained by Ertan geophysical model test. In this paper, new applications of gradient theories and models for a feasible approach to simulate localized damage in brittle materials are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
细观非均匀性对脆性岩石材料宏观破坏形式的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
岩石材料的宏观力学特征是材料内部细观力学特性的综合反映。对于脆性岩石材料,其内部的非均匀性对材料的宏观破坏形式有着重要的影响。应用演化细胞自动机方法（ECA）对岩石的非均匀性进行了初步的探讨。该方法以位移、力、应力和应变等矢量和张量作为系统的基本变量,定量计算了反映岩石破坏过程中应力集中以及应力重新分布的过程。在宏观上则认为脆性岩石材料是一种非均匀性材料,并假定脆性岩石材料的非均匀性符合Weibull分布,坡度参数m是Weibull分布中的反映分布非均匀程度的重要参数。通过对符合Weibull分布中不同坡度参数的脆性岩石材料进行数值模拟试验,发现由Weibull分布中的坡度参数表示的非均匀性是影响脆性岩石材料破坏方式的重要因素,材料的坡度参数越小,材料越不均匀,其破坏形式则越具有随机性;材料的坡度参数越大,材料越趋于均匀,其破坏形式越具有规则性,即趋于弹性材料的破坏形式,这与试验结果是吻合的。 相似文献
13.
In nature, there exist several forms of anisotropy in rock masses due to the presence of bedding planes, joints, and weak layers. It is well understood that the anisotropic properties of jointed rock masses significantly affect the stability of surface and underground excavations. However, these critical anisotropic characteristics are often ignored in existing uniaxial dynamic failure criteria. This study investigates the effect of a pre-existing persistent joint on the rate-dependent mechanical behaviours of a rock mass using a particle mechanics approach, namely, bonded particle model (BPM), to realistically replicate the mechanical response of the rock mass. Firstly, in order to capture the rate-dependent response of the jointed rock mass, the BPM model is validated using published experimental data. Then, a dynamic strength model is proposed based on the Jaeger criterion and simulation results. To further investigate the dynamic behaviours, the dynamic uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) for anisotropic rock masses with various joint orientations is investigated by subjecting the BPM models to uniaxial compression numerical tests with various strain rate. The proposed dynamic strength model is validated based on numerical simulation results. Finally, the fragmentation characteristics of the jointed rock masses are analysed, which demonstrate that the failure mode affects the dynamic UCS. This is further confirmed by the analysis of the orientations of microscopic cracks generated by the compression loading. 相似文献
14.
In this study, the time-dependent damage process of granite is investigated utilizing two numerical simulation schemes based on continuous method and discontinuous method. Numerical creep tests are carried out with both simulation schemes and mechanical responses and fracture patterns of rock specimens are analyzed. The calibrated numerical models can successfully reflect the typical creep stages observed in the laboratory. The predicted lifetime is in accordance with the laboratory test data. Comparisons are made between the two simulation schemes. It is found that both schemes have unique features that can promote a genuine reflection of the time-dependent damage process of the brittle rocks. 相似文献
15.
Modeling 3D thermal fracture propagation by transient cooling using virtual multidimensional internal bonds 
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下载免费PDF全文 Thermal fracturing can play an important role in development of unconventional petroleum and geothermal resources. Thermal fractures can result from the nonlinear deformation of the rock in response to thermal stress related to cold water injection as well as heating. Before the rock reaches the final failure stage, material softening and bulk modulus degradation can cause changes in the thermo‐mechanical properties of the solid. In order to capture this aspect of the rock fracture, a virtual multidimensional internal bond‐based thermo‐mechanical model is derived to track elastic, softening, and the failure stages of the rock in response to the temporal changes of its temperature field. The variations in thermo‐mechanical properties of the rock are derived from a nonlinear constitutive model. To represent the thermo‐mechanical behavior of pre‐existing fractures, the element partition method is employed. Using the model, numerical simulation of 3D thermal fracture propagation in brittle rock is carried out. Results of numerical simulations provide evidence of model verification and illustrate nonlinear thermal response and fracture development in rock under uniform cooling. In addition, fracture coalescence in a cluster of fractures under thermal stress is illustrated, and the process of thermal fracturing from a wellbore is captured. Results underscore the importance of thermal stress in reservoir stimulation and show the effectiveness of the model to predict 3D thermal fracturing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Inherent heterogeneity of a rock strongly affects its mechanical behavior. We numerically study the mechanisms governing the initiation, propagation, and ultimate pattern of borehole breakouts in heterogeneous rocks. A two-dimensional finite element model incorporating material heterogeneity is established to systematically examine the effects of several key factors on borehole failure, including borehole diameter, far-field stress, and rock heterogeneity. The inherent heterogeneity of a rock is explicitly characterized by prescribing the rock mechanical properties of mesoscale elements statistically obeying the Weibull distribution. Elastic damage mechanics is used to represent the constitutive law of the mesoscale element. We find that borehole diameter reduction remarkably changes the crack failure from tensile to shear and elevates the critical hydrostatic pressure. Far-field stress anisotropy strongly affects the shape of the borehole breakout. Rock heterogeneity dictates the location of the preferred crack under the hydrostatic stress, which leads to local stress concentration, and determines the types of breakouts around the borehole. Our findings facilitate in-depth understanding of the classic borehole stability problems in heterogeneous rocks. 相似文献
17.
The paper presents a micromechanical approach to describe the failure of low-permeability brittle rocks as a multiscale fracturing process based on a poroelastic microcrack-damage model. Failure is formulated deep down at the fine pore scale as a material degradation phenomenon driven by microcrack growth that also impacts upon hydromechanical properties. A set of damage tensors describes the effect of dual-scale porosities (nanopores and microcracks) on both the hydraulic and poroelastic rock properties. Essentially, the multiscale model reconstructs the coupling effect of hydromechanical forces at the continuum level from the ground up through the upscaling of multiphase interactions at the fundamental structural level of the material. As a result, many macroscopic characteristics emerge naturally such as friction angle, fracture properties, and most importantly, Biot's coefficient taking on a tensorial form that is generally anisotropic. The model is validated within the framework of finite elements to illustrate various baseline constitutive features such as the effect of microcrack growth on the nonlinear stress-strain response and the induced anisotropy in the context of lab experimental tests and boundary value problems. Heterogeneities of the rock samples were incorporated by choosing material properties to be stochastic following Weibull and lognormal distributions. Numerical results appropriately replicated typical experimental observations where fracture localization and propagation are shown to be a multiscale phenomenon emerging from microcrack growth and coalescence at the microscale, with concomitant enhancement in fluid conductivity. 相似文献
18.
The strength of anisotropic rock masses can be evaluated through either theoretical or experimental methods. The latter is more precise but also more expensive and time-consuming especially due to difficulties of preparing high-quality samples. Numerical methods, such as finite element method (FEM), finite difference method (FDM), distinct element method (DEM), etc. have been regarded as precise and low-cost theoretical approaches in different fields of rock engineering. On the other hand, applicability of intelligent approaches such as fuzzy systems, neural networks and decision trees in rock mechanics problems has been recognized through numerous published papers. In current study, it is aimed to theoretically evaluate the strength of anisotropic rocks with through-going discontinuity using numerical and intelligent methods. In order to do this, first, strength data of such rocks are collected from the literature. Then FlAC, a commercially well-known software for FDM analysis, is applied to simulate the situation of triaxial test on anisotropic jointed specimens. Reliability of this simulation in predicting the strength of jointed specimens has been verified by previous researches. Therefore, the few gaps of the experimental data are filled by numerical simulation to prevent unexpected learning errors. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is carried out based on the numerical process applied herein. Finally, two intelligent methods namely feed forward neural network and a newly developed fuzzy modeling approach are utilized to predict the strength of above-mentioned specimens. Comparison of the results with experimental data demonstrates that the intelligent models result in desirable prediction accuracy. 相似文献
19.
Micromechanical Model for Simulating the Fracture Process of Rock 总被引：25，自引：3，他引：25
Summary A micromechanical model is proposed to study the deformation and failure process of rock based on knowledge of heterogeneity of rock at the mesoscopic level. In this numerical model, the heterogeneity of rock at the mesoscopic level is considered by assuming the material properties in rock conform to the Weibull distribution. Elastic damage mechanics is used to describe the constitutive law of meso-level elements, the finite element method is employed as the basic stress analysis tool and the maximum tensile strain criterion as well as the Mohr-Coulomb criterion is utilized as the damage threshold. A simple method, similar to a smeared crack model, is used for tracing the crack propagation process and interaction of multiple cracks. Based on this model, a numerical simulation program named Rock Failure Process Analysis Code (RFPA) is developed. The influence of parameters that include the Weibull distribution parameters, constitutive parameters of meso-level elements and number of elements in the numerical model, are discussed in detail. It is shown that the homogeneity index is the most important factor to simulate material failure with this model. This model is able to capture the complete mechanical responses of rock, which includes the crack patterns associated with different loading stages and loading conditions, localization of deformation, stress redistribution and failure process. The numerical simulation of rock specimens under a variety of static loading conditions is presented, and the results compare well with experimental results. 相似文献