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北大西洋海流是大洋循环的重要组成部分，将热带的热量从墨西哥湾传输到北大西洋北部。这些热量被释放进向东移动的气团中，极大地改善了欧洲北部的冬季气候。我们通过模式模拟预测出：随着CO2浓度的持续增加(IPCC第3个评价报告：气候变化，2001)，下个世纪的大洋循环会极大地减弱。自从20世纪60年代早期以来，我们开始观察到由于来自Nordic海的流量减少，北大西洋北部的海水不断淡化(Hansen等，2001；Dickson等，2002)。 相似文献
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目前 ,北大西洋深水的两个主要水体分支———底层的北大西洋深水体和中层的拉布拉多海水体分别形成于Ｎｏｒｄｉｃ海和拉布拉多海 ,其形成的速度控制了全球大洋循环的强度和北大西洋的热量搬运。数字模拟已经证明了拉布拉多海水流的停止可能是全球变暖的结果。我们运用拉布拉多海岩心浮游和底栖有孔虫的微体古动物资料和稳定同位素测量结果 ,研究了晚间冰期中水柱的密度结构 ,认为晚间冰期比目前温暖２℃。我们的结论表明了现在拉布拉多海水和北大西洋深水之间的成层现象不是在晚间冰期发育的 ,反之 ,漂浮的表层水位于起源于Ｎｏｒｄｉｃ海… 相似文献
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末次冰消期时,南大洋深层水流通性增强和大气CO_2分压(大气p_(CO_2))升高存在密切联系。该时期南大洋深部流通性增强的同时会伴随着大气与大洋环流模式的一系列变化,例如南半球西风带(Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds Belt,SWW)位置和强度以及大西洋经向翻转流(Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation,AMOC)强度的变化。一些关于控制南大洋流通性变化机制方面的研究发现,SWW的经向摆动可对南大洋深部流通性产生强烈影响。末次冰消期时SWW南移,会强化南大洋风驱上升流,增强南大洋的通风。另一些研究认为AMOC变化对南大洋深部流通性具有更为强烈的影响,末次冰消期时北大西洋深层水(North Atlantic Deep Water,NADW)生成减弱导致AMOC强度减弱,这一过程使得NADW与绕极深层水(Circumpolar Deep Water,CDW)的混合边界北移,从而减弱南大洋水体成层化,增强了南大洋深层水上涌。上述2种模式均可能引起南大洋深部流通状况的改变,并最终导致冰消期大气p_(CO_2)上升。除SWW与AMOC驱动南大洋深部流通状况的改变之外,最新研究发现南大洋罗斯海似乎可以通过其自身底层水的北向扩张与极向退却进一步影响南大洋深部流通状况。总的来说,控制南大洋深部流通状况的并非单一机制,SWW与AMOC以及罗斯海底层水等诸多因素在控制南大洋流通状况变化的同时也会以不同的方式在一定程度上积极的响应大气p_(CO_2)的变化。 相似文献
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使用美国夏威夷大学发展的中等复杂程度海洋模式(IOM)在给定表面强迫条件下模拟了热带大西洋上层海洋年际和年代际变率的时空结构.利用NCEP的41a(1958～1998年)逐月平均表面资料作为强迫场,积分海洋模式41a作为控制试验,并利用模式分别做动量(风应力)通量和热量通量无异常变化的平行试验,与控制试验作比较.对3组试验模拟上层海洋变率状况的比较,并按年际和年代际时间尺度分别分析,揭示表面风应力和热通量异常对海表面温度和温跃层深度变化的影响,并比较了其影响的相对重要性.结果表明模式成功地模拟出了热带大西洋上层海洋的变率.模式模拟的海表面温度年际变化主要表现为弱ENSO型,年代际变化表现为南、北大西洋变化相反的偶极子型.在年际时间尺度上,热力强迫和动力强迫对海表温度变化都有贡献,其中赤道外海表面温度异常(SSTA)变化主要由热通量异常引起,而近赤道SSTA的变化主要由动量异常强迫引起.在年代际时间尺度上,热通量强迫的作用远比动量强迫重要.模式不仅能够模拟SST在年际和年代际时间尺度上的变率,还能够模拟温跃层深度在年际和年代际时间尺度上的变率.年际和年代际时间尺度上,温跃层深度的变率主要由动量异常决定,热通量异常强迫的贡献很小. 相似文献
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在北部高纬度地区 ,末次冰消作用被几次短暂的近冰川气候所中断 ,其中最显著的事件是新仙女木寒冷期。如ＧＲＩＰ冰心δ１８Ｏ记录所揭示 ,格陵兰温度主要受控于由北太平洋表层释放的热。形成于热带大西洋西部的暖水 ,随上层水向北传送 ,对于补充由挪威-格陵兰海和拉布拉多海向南运动的北大西洋深层水流起着重要作用。这种跨越赤道的水体交换 ,导致南半球热量丢失。模拟试验显示 ,新仙女木期北大西洋北部表层水温急剧下降是对淡水引起的北大西洋深层水形成延缓和向北的热传递减弱的反应。热带大西洋西部和南半球大部分区域相伴出现温度升高… 相似文献
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利用耦合了平板海洋模型的全球气候模式进行了大量的格林函数实验,以探究两极地区对于施加在中低纬度海域的热强迫的气候响应。结果表明,北极地区的气候不仅受到距离较近的北太平洋与北大西洋的影响,远离北极的热带太平洋以及南太平洋也对其气候有显著的影响,南极地区的气候则主要是受到邻近的南大洋的影响。通过经验正交函数法的进一步分析发现,北极响应最显著的区域包括波弗特海(Beaufort Sea)、拉普捷夫海(Laptev Sea)以及北极中心区附近;南极地区的响应主要集中在别林斯高晋海(Bellinsgauzen Sea)区域。另外,利用温度归因法对辐射反馈过程和大气能量输运分解发现,北极地区表面温度的响应主要是受到了反照率反馈以及垂直递减率反馈的影响,而南极地区的响应则主要是反照率反馈发挥了作用。 相似文献
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深部大洋温盐环流主要受控于北大西洋深层水的供给量。目前,输送到北大西洋高纬度区域的亚热带温盐水是由北大西洋环流携带的。当其向北运移时,海水冷却并下沉,形成全球深部大洋传送系统。更新世时,高纬度区域海水的盐度和温度均发生了急剧变化。冰期时,由于大气环流... 相似文献
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北大西洋秋季“三极子”海温结构对冬季大气环流场的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用NCEP再分析资料、Hadley中心的海表面温度(SST)资料等,从北大西洋秋季海表面温度异常(SSTA)变化入手,对其影响后期冬季大气环流场的机制进行了分析。研究结果如下:(1)北大西洋SST异常与大气环流异常之间存在着相互作用;(2)秋季北大西洋SSTA具有较好的持续性,"正负正"海温异常空间分布导致12月巴伦支海上空500hPa位势高度异常偏高;(3)异常环流形势对应的海表面风异常场(SSWA)通过阶段性风-蒸发-SST异常反馈机制(WES机制)利于海温异常分布的持续及对上空异常大气环流的反馈;(4)三极子海温结构中负异常海温自10月份开始有自西向东的移动,风作用下蒸发加大,伴随上升运动自欧洲西部爱尔兰群岛出现自西向东移动的降水正异常区,潜热释放有利于冬季巴伦支海上空的异常高压脊发展。研究表明,北大西洋秋季SSTA通过阶段性海气相互作用机制影响海洋温度分布和大气环流异常,对后期冬季中国东北部的气候变化产生影响。 相似文献
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大西洋热盐环流年代际变化机制研究 Ⅰ.气候模式的建立和验证 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
大气环流与热盐环流(THC)变化之间的因果关系,是海气相互作用研究领域的一个悬而未决的问题。本文为研究大西洋热盐环流的年际和年代际变化机制以及北大西洋海气要素对热盐环流年代际振荡的响应过程,以德国Max-Planck气象研究所的最新大气海洋环流模式(ECHAM5/MPI-OM)为基础,构建了重点针对北大西洋的海气耦合气候模式。利用此海气耦合气候模式,首先进行了CO2浓度固定在1860年前工业化以前水平-280 μl/m3(ppmv)的500 a的数值模拟控制试验,然后以1860-2000年间的实测和替代资料反演所得CO2浓度为强迫进行了气候回报试验。依照观测资料和再分析数据集对气候模式回报的基本环流结构、深层水形成过程以及热盐环流和水团的空间结构进行了系统验证和分析。结果表明该气候模式具有相当的气候变化模拟能力,为后续的相关研究奠定了基础。 相似文献
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基于该系列文章前文研究中构建的海气耦合气候模式和所揭示的北大西洋热盐环流年代际振荡机制,针对海气要素对该振荡机制的影响问题进行了重点的探讨。为细致准确的研究北大西洋海洋要素同北大西洋热盐环流年代际振荡的关系,有针对性的定义了副极地海区表层密度指数和北大西洋暖流强度指数并对模式结果进行了全面分析。分析结果表明副极地海区表层密度变化领先大西洋径向翻转环流(MOC)变化7 a,北大西洋暖流的变化领先 MOC变化4 a,格陵兰－苏格兰海脊溢流水强度(包括丹麦海峡溢流水和法鲁海峡溢流水,是北大西洋深层水的重要来源)的变化领先 MOC的变化3 a;北大西洋大气要素变化对北大西洋热盐环流年代际振荡有非常重要的调制作用,当副极地流环和北大西洋暖流(NAC)达到最强的2 a之前,高纬度地区大气为气旋式环流异常,中纬度地区大气为反气旋式环流异常,海表热通量在大西洋副极地海区是负异常,这都有利于副极地流环和NAC的加强,更多高盐度的北大西洋水进入格陵兰-冰岛-挪威海(GIN)海域,由此可以导致GIN海域表层密度上升,使水体的层结稳定性减弱,有利于深层对流的发生,同时大气变化通过风应力旋度和海表热通量也直接影响GIN海域深层水的生成,进而导致格陵兰－苏格兰海脊溢流水的强度增加。 相似文献
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J. A. Dalziel 《Marine Chemistry》1995,49(4)
The vertical distribution of reactive mercury has been measured at two stations in the eastern North Atlantic and one station in the southeast Atlantic in conjunction with the IOC Open Ocean Baseline Survey. The average concentrations of reactive Hg in vertical profiles ranged from 0.70 to 1.07 pM with the highest values found at the northeast Atlantic stations and the lowest at the southeast station. No significant concentration gradients were found below the surface mixed layer at the two stations in the eastern North Atlantic. At station 7, in the southeast Atlantic, an increase in reactive Hg was noted in the water adjacent to the mixed layer (35–200 m) which was coincident with an oxygen depletion, down to 20% saturation at 200 m. The concentration of reactive Hg in the North Atlantic Deep Water (0.48–1.34 pM), the Antarctic Intermediate Water (0.47 pM), the Antarctic Bottom Water (0.67–1.25 pM), and the Mediterranean Outflow Water (0.83–1.06 pM) were noted. The trends in Hg concentration in the water masses between stations showed the concentration decreasing with distance from the water mass source except for Hg in the Antarctic Bottom Water. The increase noted in this water mass was attributed to mixing with North Atlantic Deep Water and or release from bottom sediments. 相似文献
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The areas that we studied in the North Atlantic (53 and 60°N) and in the Labrador Sea in the summer were characterized by a wide variability of the concentrations of dissolved and particulate organic matter and its elemental composition both in the surface and in the deep waters. The concentrations of dissolved and particulate Corg varied within 69–360 μM and 0.7–25.6 μM, respectively; the Norg and Porg contents varied within 1.4–22.2 μM and 0.02–0.86 μM, respectively. The maximal concentrations were registered in the photic layer and in the zones of mixing between the waters of different genesis. The particulate matter contribution to the total organic matter (OM) content varied from 0.5 to 15.4%. The waters of the photic layer contained more particulate Corg than those of the near-bottom layer. The values of the C/N molar ratios from the surface to the bottom over the entire aquatic area surveyed varied 5-to 6-fold; at that, the values of the C/P molar ratios varied more than tenfold. In the most productive waters, the values of the C/N ratios were close to the Redfield ratios (6–10). The values of the C/P molar ratios varied from 160 in the photic layer to 4831 in the deep waters. The pronounced non-uniformity in the spatial distribution of the OM and its elemental composition is caused not only by the penetration of the waters of different origins but also by the changes in the microplankton metabolism under mixing of these waters. 相似文献
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Nutrient irrigation of the North Atlantic 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
The North Atlantic, as all major oceans, has a remarkable duality in primary production, manifested by the existence of well-defined high and low mean primary production regions. The largest region is the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (NASTG), an anticyclone characterized by bowl shaped isopycnals and low production. The NASTG is surrounded at its margins by smaller cyclonic high-production regions, where these isopycnals approach the sea surface. The most extensive cyclonic regions are those at the latitudinal extremes, i.e. the subpolar and tropical oceans, though smaller ones do occur at the zonal boundaries. In this article we review historical data and present new analyses of climatological data and a selected number of hydrographic cruises in the western/northwestern and eastern/southeastern boundaries of the NASTG, with the objective of investigating the importance of upward epipycnal advection of nutrient-rich subsurface layers (irrigation) in maintaining high primary production in the euphotic layers. In the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre (NASPG) irrigation implies intergyre exchange caused by the outcropping extension of the Gulf Stream (GS), following the formation of the deep winter mixed-layer. In the eastern boundary of the NASTG irrigation is attained through a permanent upwelling cell, which feeds the Canary Upwelling Current (CUC). In the southeastern corner irrigation occurs in fall, when the Guinea Dome (GD) is reinforced, and in winter, when the CUC reaches its southernmost extension. Other characteristics of the north/south extension of the GS/CUC are the seasonal nutrient replenishing of subsurface layers (spring restratification of NASPG and winter relaxation of the GD) and the maintenance of high levels of diapycnal mixing during the last phase of nutrient transfer to the euphotic layers. Off the Mid-Atlantic Bight the GS transports a total of about 700 kmol s−1 of nitrate, with almost 100 kmol s−1 carried in the surface (σθ < 26.8) layers and some 350 kmol s−1 in the intermediate (26.8 < σθ < 27.5) layers. A box model suggests that north of Cape Hatteras most surface and upper-thermocline nitrates are used to sustain the high levels of primary production in the NASPG. Off Cape Blanc there is winter along-shore convergence of order 10 kmol s−1 of nitrate in the near-surface layers (possibly larger in summer), with only a small fraction used to sustain local primary production in the coastal upwelling band and the remainder carried to the interior ocean. Nutrients and biomass exported from these cyclonic regions may account for the concentration levels observed within the NASTG. 相似文献
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Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The meridional structure of climatic trends and anomalies of potential temperature and salinity in the North Atlantic waters in different periods of the... 相似文献
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V. N. Lukashin A. A. Klyuvitkin V. A. Bobrov O. M. Dara V. P. Shevchenko 《Oceanology》2018,58(5):717-726
The paper presents new information on the chemical composition of the insoluble aerosol fraction in the atmospheric surface boundary layer of different climatic zones of the North Atlantic (temperate humid, arid and semiarid, equatorial humid). The material for this study was collected during 12 expeditions. Nylon meshes were used to catch aerosols along the course of vessels. Aerosols above the North Atlantic consist of lithogenic, biogenic, and anthropogenic particles transported from different regions, which governs the differences in their concentrations and mineral and chemical compositions. Significant (by more than an order of magnitude) enrichment of aerosols in Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Sb, and Se is related to anthropogenic atmospheric pollution. 相似文献
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