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1.
澳门噪音污染损害价值的条件估值研究   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
条件价值评估法(Contingent Valuation Method, CVM)是评估环境污染的经济损失价值的有效方法之一。在CVM研究方法发展的同时,应用范围亦不断扩大。本次调查通过询问人们对环境质量改善的支付意愿(Willingness To Pay, WTP)或忍受环境损失的受偿意愿(Willingness To Accept, WTA),探求澳门噪音污染的损害程度,为政府部门提供决策依据。试验以等距离随机抽样法访问了1 920人,回收样本956个。本研究对研究方法作了一些新的尝试:①对调查的误差进行了统计学分析;②在假设受访者是诚实和有信用的前提下,问卷采用双向投标卡博弈的问卷设计,对受访者同时进行WTA和WTP之引导试验,减少分开调查时可能出现的策略性偏差;③对影响噪音污染意愿调查结果的9项因素进行了统计学分析, 给出了回归方程。研究结果显示, 被访者的月收入、家庭规模和对噪音的关注程度影响其支付意愿和受偿意愿。2003年澳门噪音污染的年经济损失(以WTP方法试验的结果, 得到澳门噪音污染的最小损害)为5.32亿MOP/a(MOP为澳门元, 1美元=8.033MOP); 以WTA方法试验的结果,得到澳门噪音污染的最大损害为10.6亿MOP/a; 如果取CVM之中值,估算出澳门噪音污染的年损害值为7.98亿MOP/a。还对WTP与WTA之间的差异原因进行了讨论。  相似文献   

2.
单边界和双边界是二分式条件价值法(CVM)的2种主要问题格式。针对澳门固体废弃物管理存在的问题,应用单边界和双边界二分式条件价值法,比较研究了澳门固体废弃物管理方案改善的支付意愿及其总经济价值;结果表明,80.56%的居民对新的固体废弃物管理方案存在支付意愿。单边界二分式CVM的分析结果表明澳门居民的平均支付意愿为每人每月14.87~24.12澳门元。双边界二分式CVM的结果表明澳门居民的平均支付意愿为每人每月14.43~17.94澳门元。单边界和双边界二分式CVM的评估结果相差不大,双边界二分式CVM的评估结果较为精确。按2003年澳门总人口44.85万计算,新的固体废弃物管理方案的年总经济价值约为7.02×107澳门元。   相似文献   

3.
张翼飞  赵敏 《地球科学进展》2007,22(11):1141-1149
意愿价值评估法(CVM)以新古典经济学需求理论为基础,通过构造假想市场使生态服务价值的评估成为可能.但是,经验研究中出现了与新古典经济理论及其预期不一致的异常现象,致使CVM的有效性与可靠性受到广泛质疑,而成为目前国际CVM研究的主要方向.对国际、国内CVM有效性与可靠性的研究进展进行了综述,重点梳理了国际上对WTP的内容依赖性、WTP与WTA的显著差异及可靠性与效益转移等方面的经验研究;而国内由于缺乏该方面的系统研究,制约了CVM在我国生态价值评估及环境公共政策制定中的应用.为此,在前期开展的实例研究基础上,设计了适合我国社会经济特征和生态环境特点的CVM有效性与可靠性研究的技术路线和多重调查方案,以期推动CVM在我国的进一步发展与应用.  相似文献   

4.
张翼飞  赵敏 《地球科学进展》2007,22(11):1134-1140
意愿价值评估法(CVM)以新古典经济学需求理论为基础,通过构造假想市场使生态服务价值的评估成为可能。但是,经验研究中出现了与新古典经济理论及其预期不一致的异常现象,致使CVM的有效性与可靠性受到广泛质疑,而成为目前国际CVM研究的主要方向。对国际、国内CVM有效性与可靠性的研究进展进行了综述,重点梳理了国际上对WTP的内容依赖性、WTP与WTA的显著差异及可靠性与效益转移等方面的经验研究;而国内由于缺乏该方面的系统研究,制约了CVM在我国生态价值评估及环境公共政策制定中的应用。为此,在前期开展的实例研究基础上,设计了适合我国社会经济特征和生态环境特点的CVM有效性与可靠性研究的技术路线和多重调查方案,以期推动CVM在我国的进一步发展与应用。  相似文献   

5.
条件价值评估法的发展与应用   总被引:115,自引:2,他引:115  
环境物品或生态系统服务的经济价值评估是国际上生态经济学、环境经济学研究的前沿领域。由于绝大多数环境物品或生态系统服务的公共物品特性,其经济价值的评估需要运用非市场的价值评估技术。条件价值评估法(CVM)是非市场价值评估技术中应用最广、影响最大的一种方法。详细介绍了国际上CVM及其发展与应用研究的现状,分析了CVM在环境价值评估技术中的地位及其理论基础,总结了最大支付意愿(WTP)的各种引导技术,全面归纳了CVM研究中可能出现的各种偏差及其相应的解决方法,简要介绍了最大支付意愿的数据统计分析方法。  相似文献   

6.
CVM评价农户对农业水价的承受力——以甘肃省张掖市为例   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
唐增  徐中民 《冰川冻土》2009,31(3):560-564
水价是水资源管理手段中的基本工具,为了保证水价政策的有效实施,促进农业水资源的可持续利用和农业的发展,在农业水价制定过程中,农户对农业灌溉用水水价的承受力必须被考虑.虽然农户对水价的承受力可以分为支付能力和支付意愿,但支付意愿可以更好地、更全面地评价农户对农业灌溉水价的承受力.简要介绍了条件估值法(CVM),并以张掖市为例,利用条件估值法分析了农户对农业灌溉用水的支付意愿(WTP),从而评价农户对农业灌溉用水水价的承受力.结果表明:张掖市农户对农业用水的承受力为1 027.5元·hm-2,对照2006年的实际水价,说明目前的水价已经达到农户承受力的最高点.由于农户对水价的承受力低,农业水价的制定应优先考虑农户对水价的承受力,不能一味强调供水成本的全部回收.要提高农户对农业用水水价的承受力,最重要的是提高农户的收入.同时,由于工业用水的效益远高于农业用水的效益,政府在当前对农业用水供水单位进行扶助,以及工业用水和城市生活用水对农业用水的交叉补贴非常有必要.  相似文献   

7.
条件价值法是目前资源环境经济价值货币评估中较为广泛的应用方法,其经济理论基础虽已趋完善,但准确性仍受质疑,而双边界二分式条件价值法是可以最大限度地减少偏差的支付诱导方式。本文将双边界二分式CVM模型引入农民对耕地资源保护补偿意愿的经济价值评估研究中,为平衡同一主体受偿意愿与支付意愿存在较大的差异性,基于不同的假想市场,以武汉市450份农村居民意愿为例,进行农户对耕地资源保护的接受意愿和支付意愿的实证分析,以探索条件价值评估法双边界二分式意愿引导技术在我国应用的适用性。研究表明:农户的受偿意愿每亩在309.30~650.39元之间,其点估计值为477.47元;支付意愿在206.87~380.38元之间,其点估计值为290.86元。根据我国国情、补偿时空差异性和实施的可操作性,确定具有一定弹性的耕地资源保护补偿意愿标准为每亩290.86~477.47元之间。  相似文献   

8.
条件估值方法是当前国际上流行的衡量环境物品非利用经济价值的方法, 通过调查居民针对不同环境状况变化的支付意愿,从而定量确定环境状况变化带来的经济效益和损失. 针对黑河流域额济纳旗生态系统恶化的现状,以投标支付卡的方法设计了700份调查问卷,调查了黑河流域居民恢复额济纳旗生态系统的支付意愿,并采用非参数分析方法对结果进行分析. 结果表明,用20 a的时间将额济纳旗的生态系统恢复到20世纪80年代初的水平,黑河流域总共有92.3%的居民家庭存在支付意愿,有支付意愿家庭的平均支付意愿为每年每户43.39元,同时采用列联表检验的方法辨明了被调查者的年龄、学历、收入、户籍和居住的地理区域等因素对支付意愿的影响. 最后在综合不同区域居民支付意愿差异的基础上,采用当前的市场利率将计算结果在时空尺度上加总,得到恢复黑河下游额济纳生态系统的总经济价值的现值为2.94×10+8元.  相似文献   

9.
为评价淮河水体有机污染物对流域人民健康和经济发展的影响,建立了一套有机化合物浓度分析、有机物导致人体健康损失的评估以及相应的经济损失计算的方法。首先建立了表面水体中半挥发性有机化合物(SVOC)浓度水平的分析方法,对淮河(江苏段)进行采样分析。结果表明,该河段水体共检出33种半挥发性有机化合物(SVOC),部分多环芳烃、取代苯等具有较高浓度,所有检出化合物均属于美国环境保护局(US EPA)的优先控制污染物。为讨论水体有毒化合物对人体健康损害的经济损失,提出一种判断此类物质导致人体重大疾病发生概率的方法,并估算了检测河段范围内典型区域相应的健康损失及其占GDP的比例。结果显示,SVOC导致的2002和2003年的经济损失分别占当地当年GDP的0.876‰~2.22‰和0.684‰~2.25‰。最后,提出了减少水体优先控制污染物导致经济损失的相应建议。  相似文献   

10.
地下水环境破坏经济损失评估   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
根据济南市地下水环境的实际情况,从地下水环境污染、泉水停喷、地下水位下降三个方面,分8个指标,对济南市地下水环境破坏造成的经济损失进行了评估。表明2005年济南市地下水环境破坏造成的经济损失巨大,约为10亿元,占当年全市GDP的0.58%,其中,泉水停喷造成的生态环境损失、旅游业损失和农业缺水损失尤为突出,占总损失的50%。  相似文献   

11.
从意愿调查价值评估法的优越性和局限性出发,以在北京市进行的关于市民为改善大气环境质量的支付意愿的调查研究为例,详细分析了调查方法和结果。通过对结果的评价,探讨了意愿调查价值评估法在我国进行环境物品价值评估实践中的可行性,得出了这一方法在我国具有推广前景的结论。最后对意愿调查价值评估法今后在我国实践中的应用提出了几点建议。  相似文献   

12.
Now a day’s water pollution has caused incoveriences for people whom live near the Pavana river in Pune city, India. The river water quality has deteriorated by major water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and phosphates level. In present study it is tried to find people’s willingness to pay (WTP) for improvement of river water quality. Contingent valuation method (CVM) was utilized for valuation of river water quality in Pavana river. Five categories of users have been chosen and then interviewed: households, farmers, fishermen, washing clothes women, bath taking people. One kilometer from each side of river was covered by researchers for sampling. Mean of willingness to pay was estimated at Rs 17.6 (45 Indian Rupees=$ 1) per family per month. This research shows CVM applicablity and the importance of river quality for Pune city and can effectively be used in developing countries.  相似文献   

13.
Using methods to estimate the value of environmental goods seems to be essential for economic planning and moving toward development. In this paper, using methods of discrete payment vehicle (dichotomous choice), i.e., single-bounded and Double-Bounded Dichotomous Choice, the value of air pollution in Tehran and households’ willingness to pay to improve air quality, in four selected regions (Shahr-e-Ray, Shoosh, Haft-e-Tir and Tajrish) is estimated and the corresponding results of these two techniques were compared. The results showed that the total value of air quality improvement, calculated through two techniques of Double-Bounded and Single-Bounded Dichotomous Choice were, respectively, 2,398,657,500 and 1,492,566,000 thousands Rials (1USD = 35,000R) in a year and weighted mean of each citizen’s willingness to pay to improve air quality, calculated through these two methods was estimated to be 282,192 and 175,596 Rials in a year, respectively. Considering the annual damage to health, for any 1% increase in pollutants and yearly cost of pollution reduction which are, respectively, 1,199,000,000 and 7,336,000,000 thousands Rials, it was determined that citizens’ willingness to pay through two methods includes 20 and 30% of the cost of pollution control, respectively, while 70% of pollution is due to mobile sources. However, citizens’ low willingness to pay is attributed to citizens’ distrust of government policies as well as their ignorance of the harmful effects of air pollution. In general, the results of this study, with regard to the cost of pollution from Single-Bounded Dichotomous Choice are closer to actual market conditions.  相似文献   

14.
A contingent valuation survey was conducted involving local community members, domestic and foreign visitors to estimate the environmental economics of the Khangchendzonga National Park and to elicit their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for its maintenance and conservation. Using a random survey, the average WTP was US$ 8.84 for foreign visitors per visit, followed by US$ 6.20 per household per year by local community members and US$ 1.91 per domestic visitor per visit for improvement in environmental conservation. The WTP was strongly influenced by age, education and income. The present study demonstrated that the contingent valuation method (CVM) is a promising approach, however it lacks inclusion of non-monetary contributions. The WTP for environmental management by the local communities was mostly in kind or time for services. The CVM can be a useful tool for decision-makers regarding investment and policy purposes for management of biodiversity hot spots and protected areas in developing countries. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

15.
In most developing countries policies and frameworks that govern solid waste management strategies have often been directed at the waste management service providers and less attention is often given to the demand side of the problem. This paper reports a study regarding householders’ willingness to pay for improved residential solid waste management. The data for the study originated from a contingent valuation survey that was conducted in 236 households in Ilorin city in Kwara State, Nigeria. A binary logit model was used to account for some factors influencing the respondents’ willingness to pay. The results show that more than 80 % of the respondents were in support of the residential waste management. The respondents were willing to pay an average of 3,660 Nigerian Naira (US $24) each year. Income, education, dwelling type and whether the respondent is satisfied with private sector participation in provision of waste management service positively influenced the respondents’ willingness to pay. The price, gender, household size and activities of sanitary inspectors had negative influence. The findings from this study could contribute to the knowledge regarding the design of a more sustainable residential waste management strategy in Nigeria and other countries that have similar conditions.  相似文献   

16.
Although intangible effects on natural environments are not visible and only become apparent over a long period of time, they may cause irreparable damages whose estimation is not always feasible. However, people’s willingness to pay (WTP) for the prevention of adverse environmental effects can be determined. The present study addresses the issue of the effect of dust in Yazd-Ardakan Plain. It aims at the valuation of local people’s WTP in order to prevent extra-regional intangible effects of dust in Yazd-Ardakan Plain in 2010. The study was based on data collected from 479 questionnaires completed by people in the affected area. Factors affecting local people’s WTP and their expected WTP were estimated by logit regression model. It was revealed that among the studied variables, income, education, and environment importance had significant positive effects, and that household size, type of residence, and bid had significant negative effects on people’s WTP. Also, the WTP for the conservation of the region was estimated as to be 93.4 billion Iranian Rials (IRR) per year. In other words, it is necessary to invest at least 93.4 billion IRR to prevent the adverse impacts of dust on the plain. Given the 183 billion IRR expenditure for stabilizing sand in the region and the estimated 93.4 billion IRR protection value for the plain, 50 % of expenses would be paid by people living in the region, which paves the way for the fulfillment of conservation programs by experts using public contributions.  相似文献   

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