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1.
利用华北地区255个一般站和国家基本、 基准站1961\_2000年的实测资料, 经过质量检验和均一性订正后, 将所有台站根据人口和台站地理位置分为5个类别, 分析了这5个类别台站和国家基本、 基准站地面平均气温、 最高、 最低气温的年和季节变化趋势以及城市化影响。结果表明： 华北全部台站的年平均气温、 最高、 最低气温均呈增加趋势, 且以最低气温上升最为明显, 导致年平均日较差呈现明显下降。就城市化影响而言, 平均气温、 最低气温变化趋势中城市热岛效应加强因素的影响明显, 但城市化对最高气温趋势影响微弱, 个别台站和季节甚至可能造成降温。在国家基本、 基准站观测的年平均气温和年平均最低气温上升趋势中, 城市化造成的增温分别为0.11℃·(10a)-1和0.20℃·(10a)-1, 对全部增温的贡献率分别达39.3%和52.6%。各类台站的四季平均气温和最低气温序列中城市化影响均造成增温。城市化增温以冬季为最大, 夏季最小。城市化还导致乡村站以外的各类台站日较差减小, 近40年华北地区国家基本、 基准站年平均和秋、 冬季平均气温日较差明显下降均由城市化影响造成的。 相似文献
2.
利用卫星遥感资料对安徽省46个台站进行分类,统计分析了城市站、郊区站和乡村站1961-2010年的极端气温指数的年和季节的变化趋势及其受城市化的影响和贡献。结果表明：1) 近50年来,除最高气温年极大值外,其他气温年极值都有明显上升趋势,以最低温度极小值最显著;暖日、暖夜天数呈增加趋势,而冷日、冷夜天数呈减少趋势,其中暖夜和冷夜变化趋势更明显;各极端指数的变化趋势总体均表现为城市站较乡村站更显著,郊区站介于两者之间。2) 城市站最高气温极大值、最低气温极大值和最低气温极小值因城市化造成的增温分别为0.144、0.184和0.161℃/10a,增温贡献率分别达100.0%、58.8%和21.6%,但城市化对最高气温极小值影响较弱;季节尺度的城市化影响基本都造成增温,春、秋季更明显,而增温贡献率以春、夏季更明显,冬季最小或不显著。3) 城市化效应使暖日和暖夜天数增加、冷夜天数减少的趋势更加显著,城市化影响贡献率都在40%以上;暖日、暖夜和冷夜天数的城市化影响贡献率都在冬季最小或不显著。 相似文献
3.
1978—2008年城市化对北京地区气温变化影响的初步分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
应用北京地区20个常规站1978-2008年经均一性序列多元分析方法均一化处理的气温数据,初步分析了北京地区城市化对年平均和不同季节日最高、最低以及平均气温的影响。结果表明,1978—2008年,年平均日最低、平均气温空间分布自北向南、自西向东,温度逐渐升高,在城区达到最高,日最高气温表现为从西向东南逐步升高,在城区形成较为明显的热岛。温度变化趋势表明,各站日最低气温、平均气温、最高气温均呈升温趋势。城市化对北京地区城区及近郊区站点日平均气温和最低气温影响最大,对自北部佛爷顶至昌平到城区一带站点的最高气温影响最大。城市化对北京(观象台)站的增温影响最为明显,对城区站点温度平均的增温影响次之,对全市站点温度平均的增温影响最小。城市化对观象台站、城区站点平均、全市站点平均日平均气温、最低气温的年平均、各季节均非常显著,其中在秋季影响最大,对日最高气温的影响则是在夏季最大。 相似文献
4.
台站温度记录中的城市化信号对于气候变化研究影响重大并仍存在很大争议,尤其是在经历快速城市化的区域。本研究利用遥感影像分类的方法,提取了1980~2009年期间长江三角洲城市群93个气象台站周边10 km×10 km范围的城市土地利用信息,并按照城市土地利用扩张速率对站点进行分类,研究了1980~2009年期间快速城市化站点、中速城市化站点和慢速城市化站点的年和季节平均温度、最低温度和最高温度变化特征,并分析了快速和中速城市化站点城市化影响和城市化影响贡献率。结果表明:全部93个气象站点周边自20世纪80年代起均经历了城市土地利用扩张过程,全部站点周边的平均城市土地利用扩张速率为1.00% a-1;近30年来,各类型站点年和各季节的平均温度、最低温度和最高温度均表现出增加趋势;城市化效应增强因素对快速城市化站点年平均温度贡献率为35.06%,对年平均最低温度的增温贡献率为34.67%,对年平均最高温度增温贡献率最小,仅为18.42%;城市化效应增强因素对中速城市化站点的影响程度小于快速城市化站点,对平均温度、最低温度和最高温度的贡献率分别为19.35%,22.22%和3.13%。在季节变异方面,长江三角洲区域各类型站点冬季的城市化影响贡献率在平均温度、最低温度和最高温度均表现为最低值。 相似文献
5.
以高山站为背景研究城市化对气温变化趋势的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文基于1957~2005年的逐日气象资料,对比分析了中国东部7组高山气象站和山下附近的城市气象站年 与四季气温变化趋势.在此基础上,利用高山站作为气候变化背景场来分析城市化对平均气温、最高气温、最低气温变化趋势影响的性质和程度,及其对气温变化非对称性的影响.结果表明:平均气温和最低气温变化趋势城市站多比高山站大,而最高气温变化趋势高山站多比城市站大;城市站最低气温变化趋势均大于最高气温变化趋势,具有明显的非对称性现象,而高山站这种表现十分微弱.城市站气温变化受到明显的城市化影响,对于平均气温和最低气温以正影响为主,而对于最高气温为负影响为主,说明城市化对气温变化的影响也存在非对称性.城市化影响的非对称性是气温变化非对称性形成的主要因素. 相似文献
6.
ON TEMPERATURE CHANGES OF SHANGHAI AND URBANIZATION IMPACTS 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
To understand how temperature varies in urban Shanghai under the background of global
climate change and how it is affected by urbanization, the Shanghai temperature responses to global
warming were analyzed, and then the temperature trends of urban and suburb stations under
different climatic backgrounds were obtained. The urbanization effects on temperature were studied
by comparing urban stations to suburb stations, the relationship between urbanization variables and
temperature components were obtained, and observation data of surface and high level were
combined to assess the contribution of urbanization effect. In the last part of the paper, the cause of
urbanization effects on temperature was discussed. The results indicated: The long term change
trend of Shanghai annual mean temperature is 1.31/100a from 1873 to 2004, the periods of 1921 –
1948 and 1979 – 2004 are warmer, and the 1979 – 2004 period is the warmest; compared to suburb
stations, the representative urban station has slower decreases in the cool period and faster increases
in the warm one; the urban and suburb temperatures have distinct differences resulting from
urbanization and the differences are increasing by the year, with the difference of mean temperature
and minimum temperature being the greatest in fall and that of maximum temperature being the
largest in summer between the urban and suburban areas. The urbanization process accelerates the
warming speed, with the minimum temperature being the most obvious; the urbanization effect
contributes a 0.4°C increase in 1980s and 1.1°C in 1990s to the annual mean temperature. 相似文献
7.
Trend analysis of temperature parameters in Iran 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In this study, long-term annual and monthly trends in mean maximum, mean minimum and mean temperature are investigated at 35 synoptic stations in Iran. The statistical significance of trends is assessed by the Mann–Kendall test. Most stations, especially those in western and eastern parts of country, had significant positive trends in monthly temperature time series in summer season. However, the maximum number of stations with the positive trend were observed in April (30 stations), and then in August (29 stations) while the negative trends were seen in February (16 stations) and March (15 stations). On annual scale, most stations in western and southern parts of Iran had significant positive trend. Overall, about 71%, 66% and about 40% of stations had statistically significant trends in mean annual temperature, mean annual minimum temperature and in mean annual maximum temperature, respectively. These results, however, indicate that the climate in Iran is growing warmer, especially in summer. 相似文献
8.
Climate change in Turkey for the last half century 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Climate change and its urban-induced bias in selected Turkish cities is studied with a quality controlled temperature and precipitation data of Turkish stations in the period of 1950–2004. These stations are classified into two groups according to their populations; S1, including rural and suburban stations and S2, including large urban stations. Moving average signals, 365-day, and their digital low pass filtered versions are produced to eliminate the short term fluctuations and examine the possible trends or anomalies in climate data. Furthermore, ‘relative difference’ signals are introduced and applied to temperature and precipitation series to observe the actual local changes in the climate data independent from large-scale effects. Mann–Kendall test statistics are calculated for maximum, minimum, mean temperature and precipitation series and plotted on maps to determine any spatial trend patterns. Signal analysis show a cool period extending from early 1960s till 1993, generally with the lowest temperature values on 1992–1993 owing to the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. A last decade significant warming trend is observed in both of the series, S1 and S2, leading to 2000–2002 temperatures to be recorded as maximums in record history. The variability of urban precipitation series is generally larger than the rural ones, suggesting that urban stations can experience more frequent and severe droughts and floods. Though not significant, an increase in the urban precipitation compared to the rural one is also found. Spatial analysis resulted in significant warming in southern and southeastern parts of the country. Particularly, minimum temperature series show significant warming in almost all of the regions indicating the effect of urbanization. Significant decreases of precipitation amounts in the western parts of Turkey, such as Aegean and Trachea regions, are found. On the other hand, some Turkish northern stations show increases in precipitation of which some are significant. 相似文献
9.
Effect of Urbanization on Land-Surface Temperature at an Urban Climate Station in North China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
While the land-surface temperature (LST) observed at meteorological stations has significantly increased over the previous few decades, it is still unclear to what extent urbanization has affected these positive trends. Based on the LST data recorded at an urban station in Shijiazhuang in North China, and two rural meteorological stations, the effect of urbanization at the Shijiazhuang station for the period 1965–2012 is examined. We find, (1) a statistically-significant linear trend in annual mean urban–rural LST difference of \(0.27\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) \(\hbox {(10 year)}^{-1}\), with an urbanization contribution of 100% indicating that the increase in the annual mean LST at the urban station is entirely caused by urbanization. The urbanization effects in spring, summer and autumn on the trends of mean LST are also significant; (2) the urbanization effect is small for time series of the annual mean minimum LST, and statistically marginal for the trend in annual mean maximum LST [\(0.19\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\,\hbox {(10 year)}^{-1}\)]; (3) the urbanization effect on the annual mean diurnal LST range (\(\Delta {LST}\)) at the urban station is a strongly significant trend of \(0.23\,^{\circ }\hbox {C (10\,year)}^{-1}\), with an urbanization contribution of 21%. The urbanization effects on trends in the spring and autumn mean \(\Delta {LST}\) are also larger and more significant than for the other seasons; (4) the urbanization effects on the long-term LST trends are remarkably different from those on the near-surface air temperature at the same urban station. Nonetheless, the significant warming of the urban boundary layer is expected to affect the urban environment and ecosystems. However, the problem of data representativeness at an urban station for the monitoring and investigation of large-scale climate change remains. 相似文献
10.
Javad Abolverdi Ghasem Ferdosifar Davar Khalili Ali Akbar Kamgar-Haghighi Mohammad Abdolahipour Haghighi 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2014,126(3-4):177-192
Trends in air temperature and precipitation data are investigated for linkages to global warming and climate change. After checking for serial correlation with trend-free pre-whitening procedure, the Mann–Kendall test is used to detect monotonic trends and the Mann–Whitney test is used for trend step change. The case study is Maharlo watershed, Southwestern Iran, representing a semi-arid environment. Data are for the 1951–2011 period, from four temperature sites and seven precipitation sites. A homogeneity test investigates regional similarity of the time series data. The results include mean annual, mean annual maximum and minimum and seasonal analysis of air temperature and precipitation data. Mean annual temperature results indicate an increasing trend, while a non-significant trend in precipitation is observed in all the stations. Furthermore, significant phase change was detected in mean annual air temperature trend of Shiraz station in 1977, indicating decreasing trend during 1951–1976 and increasing trend during 1977–2011. The annual precipitation analysis for Shiraz shows a non-significant decrease during 1951–1976 and 1977–2011. The result of homogeneity test reveals that the studied stations form one homogeneous region. While air temperature trends appear as regional linkage to global warming/global climate change, more definite outcome requires analysis of longer time series data on precipitation and air temperature. 相似文献
11.
On the basis of the mean annual and seasonal temperatures from 30 meteorological stations in the Jinsha River Basin (JRB) from 1961 to 2008, the temperature trends are analyzed by using Mann–Kendall test and linear trend analysis. There is an increasing trend in mean annual and seasonal temperatures during this period, and the increasing trends in winter seem more significant than those in the other three seasons. The mean annual temperature has increased by 0.0158°C/year during the last 48 years. There are more than 70% of stations exhibiting increasing trends for annual and seasonal temperatures. The increasing trends in the headwater and upper reaches are more dominant than those in the middle and lower reaches. The largest increase magnitude occurred in the low temperature area, while the largest decrease magnitude occurred in the high temperature area. The decreasing trends are mainly characterized for the maximum temperature time series, and summer is the only season showing a slight and insignificant increasing trend. All the time series showed a statistically significant increasing trend at the level of α?=?0.05 for the minimum temperature time series. As a whole, the increasing magnitude of the minimum temperature is significantly greater than the decreasing magnitude of the maximum temperature. 相似文献
12.
Hossein Tabari P. Hosseinzadeh Talaee Azadeh Ezani B. Shifteh Some’e 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,109(1-2):95-108
Temperature data from 29 synoptic stations in Iran for a period of 40?years (1966–2005) were analyzed to test for the existence of monotonic trends and shift changes in the annual, seasonal, and monthly mean air temperature series using the Mann–Kendall and Mann–Whitney tests. The influences of significant lag-1 serial correlation were eliminated from data by the trend-free pre-whitening method prior to the trend analysis. The magnitude of the temperature trends was derived from the Theil–Sen’s slope estimator. It was found that annual mean air temperature increased at 25 out of the 29 stations, of which 17 stations showed significant monotonic trends. The magnitude of the annual mean air temperature trends averagely was (+)0.224°C per decade. Most of the stations with the significant positive monotonic trends had a significant upward shift change. The analysis indicated that the change point year of the significant upward shift changes was 1972 for the whole stations except the coastal ones. Moreover, the strongest monotonic increasing trends and upward shift changes were observed in summer especially in August and September. The spatial analysis of the mean air temperature trends revealed the highest numbers of significant monotonic trends in the big cities of Iran. These findings provide more insights for better understanding of regional temperature behavior in the study area. 相似文献
13.
A dataset of air temperature and precipitation time series (1959?C2008) from 61 stations across Shanxi, China is used to analyze the climate change. The monotonic trends and step (abrupt) trends for annual and seasonal series data of mean air temperature and total precipitation are tested by using Mann?CKendall test and Mann?CWhitney test, respectively. The results show that annual mean air temperature has increased by 1.20°C during the past 50?years. Winter, spring, and autumn have experienced a significant increase in air temperature. The step trend for annual mean air temperature is different from, but closely related with, those for seasonal mean air temperature. Spatially, there is an enhanced warming trend from south to north in Shanxi, and the most remarkable warming occurs in northern Shanxi. Annual precipitation has decreased by 99.20?mm during the past half century. The decrease is mainly caused by precipitation decline in rainy season (June?CSeptember), though precipitation in post-rainy season (October?CNovember) also tended to decrease. An abrupt decrease in precipitation has occurred since late 1970s. Decrease in precipitation is highest in central Shanxi and in the area along the west fringe between Sanchuan River and Fenhe River in western Shanxi. 相似文献
14.
利用1981-2010年安徽省61个站的逐日风速资料,结合卫星遥感台站分类方法,统计分析了城市化进程对年、季节平均风速、最大风速和小风日数的影响和贡献。结果表明：(1) 近30年安徽省年、季节平均风速和最大风速呈显著减少趋势,小风日数呈显著增加趋势。城市站的变化速率明显大于乡村站,郊区站基本介于二者之间。(2) 2000年开始安徽省城市化进程加快,导致城市站与乡村站平均风速及小风日数距平的差异有明显增大趋势。(3) 城市站与乡村站年平均风速的趋势系数之差为-0.10 (m/s) /10a,城市化对年平均风速减弱的贡献率为40.0%,春季更明显;城市站与乡村站年小风日数的趋势系数之差为15.58 d/10a,城市化对年小风日数增多的贡献率为46.9%,秋、冬季更明显;城市化对年最大风速的影响不明显。 相似文献
15.
利用1960—2010年兰州等3站逐日观测资料,分析了兰州冬季气温变化及其可能成因。结果表明：近50 a兰州冬季气温、日较差、冷日数、冷积温及极端高、低温日数的变化速率均在1980s发生跃变。平均气温持续显著的增温,在1960s、1970s最低气温增温起主要作用,日较差、冷积温及极端低温日数显著减少,在1980s后由最低、最高气温共同增温所致,日较差减小变缓,冷积温稳定维持在较低水平,极端高温日数显著增加。大气环流异常和城市化共同影响,导致兰州冬季显著增温,二者对增温的贡献率分别约为37.24%和62.76%。1980s中期之后中高纬度欧亚上空对流层中层盛行纬向环流,两槽一脊的振幅减弱,西北地区位于中国上空异常反气旋西部偏南气流控制下,且同期城市热岛效应更加显著,这些均有利于兰州冬季增温。 相似文献
16.
利用西安市区及郊县国家级一般气象站1971年12月至2011年11月的年、季、年代平均气温作为研究对象,采用一元回归线性拟合、距平分析、变异系数、冷（暖）冬期、突变检验等分析方法,分析总结近40a来市区及郊县的气温变化特征：（1）市区及郊县的逐年平均气温均呈上升趋势,且市区增温速率高于郊县0．27℃／10a;（2）市区逐年极端最高气温基本持平,逐年极端最低气温明显升高;（3）市区及郊县1990年代前升温缓慢,1990年代后升温迅速;（4）市区和郊县的年平均气温升高主要来自春季和冬季升温的贡献;（5）市区及郊县冷冬基本都出现在1980年代中期之前,暖冬均出现在1990年代末以后,且市区冬季气温距平上升率高于郊县;（6）郊县的突变时间早于市区。 相似文献
17.
Accurately predicting precipitation trends is vital in the economic development of a country. Ground observed data from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) was analyzed to study the long-term spatio-temporal trends of rainfall on annual and seasonal scales for 23 stations in Nigeria during a 40-year period spanning from 1974 to 2013. After testing the presence of autocorrelation, Mann–Kendall (modified Mann–Kendall) test was applied to non-autocorrelated (autocorrelated) series to detect the trends in rainfall data. Theil and Sen’s slope estimator test was used to find the magnitude of change over a time period. Pettitt’s test, Standard Normal Homogeneity Test, and Buishand’s test were further used to test the homogeneity of the rainfall series. The results show an increasing trend in annual rainfall; however, only nine stations have a significant increase during the period of study. On the seasonal time scale, a significant increasing trend was observed in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons, while only nine stations show a significant increasing trend in monsoon rainfall and a significant decreasing trend in the winter rainfall over the last 40 years. During the study period, 15.4 and 13.90 % increase were estimated for annual and monsoonal rainfall, respectively. Furthermore, seven stations exhibit changes in mean rainfall while majority of the stations considered (Eighteen stations) exhibit homogeneous trends in annual and seasonal rainfall over the country. The performance of the different tests used in this study was consistent at the verified significance level. 相似文献
18.
Observed temperature evolution in the City of Sfax (Middle Eastern Tunisia) for the period 1950–2007
This paper studies temperature evolution in the city of Sfax (Middle Eastern Tunisia, with more than 600 000 people) from 1950 to 2007. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at Sfax observatory from 1950 to 2007 are analysed by studying their homogeneity, possible trends and their statistical significance. Linear regression, Student and Mann–Kendall trend test were applied to annual mean minimum and maximum temperature data to determine the existence and significance of trends. Using a number of statistical tests, it is found that the data measured at the surface station represent a non homogenous time-series. Furthermore, mean annual and monthly temperatures are evaluated and a statistically significant trend starting from year 1950 was found. Important increase of the surface temperature in the City of Sfax was found after 1984. The increase in the surface temperature in the city of Sfax is further associated with global, regional (e.g. Mediterranean area) and meso-scale temperature increase. In addition, the spatial pattern of surface temperature in the city of Sfax from 1982 to 2007 shows that the overall land surface temperature increased with the expansion of Urban Heat Island (UHI) from urban areas to suburban districts. 相似文献
19.
With the surface air temperature (SAT) data at 37 stations on Central Yunnan Plateau (CYP) for 1961–2010 and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light data, the temporal-spatial patterns of the SAT trends are detected using Sen’s Nonparametric Estimator of Slope approach and MK test, and the impact of urbanization on surface warming is analyzed by comparing the differences between the air temperature change trends of urban stations and their corresponding rural stations. Results indicated that annual mean air temperature showed a significant warming trend, which is equivalent to a rate of 0.17 °C/decade during the past 50 years. Seasonal mean air temperature presents a rising trend, and the trend was more significant in winter (0.31 °C/decade) than in other seasons. Annual/seasonal mean air temperature tends to increase in most areas, and higher warming trend appeared in urban areas, notably in Kunming city. The regional mean air temperature series was significantly impacted by urban warming, and the urbanization-induced warming contributed to approximately 32.3–62.9 % of the total regional warming during the past 50 years. Meantime, the urbanization-induced warming trend in winter and spring was more significant than that in summer and autumn. Since 1985, the urban heat island (UHI) intensity has gradually increased. And the urban temperatures always rise faster than rural temperatures on the CYP. 相似文献
20.
Streamflow trend analysis by considering autocorrelation structure,long-term persistence,and Hurst coefficient in a semi-arid region of Iran 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Due to the substantial decrease of water resources as well as the increase in demand and climate change phenomenon, analyzing the trend of hydrological parameters is of paramount importance. In the present study, investigations were carried out to identify the trends in streamflow at 20 hydrometric stations and 11 rainfall gauging stations located in Karkheh River Basin (KRB), Iran, in monthly, seasonal, and annual time scales during the last 38 years from 1974 to 2011. This study has been conducted using two versions of Mann–Kendall tests, including (i) Mann–Kendall test by considering all the significant autocorrelation structure (MK3) and (ii) Mann–Kendall test by considering LTP and Hurst coefficient (MK4). The results indicate that the KRB streamflow trend (using both test versions) has decreased in all three time scales. There is a significant decreasing trend in 78 and 73 % of the monthly cases using the MK3 and MK4 tests, respectively, while these percentages changed to 80 and 70 % on seasonal and annual time scales, respectively. Investigation of the trend line slope using Theil–Sen’s estimator showed a negative trend in all three time scales. The use of MK4 test instead of the MK3 test has caused a decrease in the significance level of Mann–Kendall Z-statistic values. The results of the precipitation trends indicate both increasing and decreasing trends. Also, the correlation between the area average streamflow and precipitation shows a strong correlation in annual time scale in the KRB. 相似文献